PINEAPPLE RESEARCH STATION (KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY), VAZHAKULAM, MUVATTUPUZHA
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PINEAPPLE RESEARCH STATION (KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY), VAZHAKULAM, MUVATTUPUZHA
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kpØnc hnfkwc£Ww kky§fpw IoS§fpw X½nepÅ _Ô¯n\v hfsctbsd ]g¡apWvSv. Imem´c¯n an¡ sNSnIfpw IoS§Äs¡Xnsc {]hÀ¯n¡m³ IgnhpÅ cmkhkvXp¡Ä kzbw DXv]mZn¸n¡m³ XpS§n. ChbmWv ImeL«¯nsâ Bhiyambn amdnb kkyP\yambn IoS\min\nIÄ. hnIkzc cmPy§fn IoS\nb{´W¯n C¶`napJoIcn¡p¶ imkv{Xobhpw km¼¯nIhpamb shÃphnfnIÄ \nch[nbmWv. temI¯nse sam¯w P\kwJybpsS F¬]tXmfw iXam\w hnIkzc cmPy§fnemWpÅXv. ChnS§fn hÀ²n¨psImWvSncn¡p¶ P\s¸cp¸¯ns\m¸n¨v ImÀjntImXv]mZ\w hÀ²n¸nt¡WvSXnsâ BhiyIX FSp¯p]dtbWvSXnÃ. F¶m C¶\phÀ¯n¨phcp¶ IoS\min\nIfp]tbmKn¨pÅ IoS\nb{´W amÀ¤§Ä P\XbpsS BtcmKy¯n\v lm\nIchpw ]cnØnXn¡v hn\miIchpamWv. IqSmsX A\nb{´nXambpÅ IoS\min\n {]tbmKw IoS§Ä¡v Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn ssIhcn¡m\pw AhbpsS hwihÀ²\hn\pw CSbm¡pw. C¶v GItZiw 500- ]cw IoS§Ä IqS\min\nIÄs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn t\Snbn«pWvsS¶mWv IW¡pIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. C¯cw {]iv\§sfmgnhm¡m\mbn IoS\nb{´W¯n\v aäp amÀK§ÄIqSn kzoIcnt¡WvSXv ImeL«¯nsâ Bhiyambn amdnhcnIbmWv. CXn ap³]´nbn \nev¡mhp¶XmWv kkyP\yamb IoS\min\nIfpsS D]tbmKw. kky§fpw IoS§fpw X½nepÅ _Ô¯n\v hfsctbsd ]g¡apWvSv. Imem´c¯n an¡ sNSnIfpw IoS§Äs¡Xnsc {]hÀ¯n¡m³ IgnhpÅ cmkhkvXp¡Ä kzbw Dev]mZn¸n¡m³ XpS§n. ChsbÃmw Xs¶ ]n¶oSv iàna¯mb IoS\min\nIfmbn amdn. Chbn \nt¡m«n³, ss]d{Xw, tdm«nt\mav, ss^tkmÌnKvssa³, Izmkn³ apXembh DÄs¸Sp¶p. Chsb s]mXphn 'H¶mw Xeapd'IoS\min\nIÄ F¶mWv hntijn¸n¡mdpÅXv. ]n¶oSv Ce 'cWvSmw Xeapd' IoS\min\nIÄ¡v hgnsXfn¨p. DZm: ss{Ikm´aw ]q¡fnÂ\n¶pw kzm`mhnIambpev]mZn¸ns¨Sp¯ ss]d{Xw Ir{XnaambpWvSm¡nb kn´änIv ss]dt{XmbnUpIÄ¡v hgnamdn. AXpt]mse ss^tkmÌnKv ssa³ (ss^tkmÌnÜm sh\nt\mk) F¶ sNSnbn \n¶pw thÀXncns¨Sp¯Xv) LS\bn kmayapÅ kn´änIv ImÀt_taän\p hgnamdn. GXmWvSv 50 hÀj§Ä¡pap¼v Un.Un.än.bpsS BhnÀ`mht¯msS GItZiw 200- ]cw cWvSmw Xeapd IoS\min\nIÄ hn]Wnbnse¯pIbpWvSmbn. \mUohyqls¯ XfÀ¯m³ IgnhpÅ C¯cw IoS\min\nIÄ {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ \in¸n¡s¸tSWvS IoS§sf IqSmsX a\pjy\p {]tbmP\Icamb aäp PohnIsf¡qSn sImÃpsa¶pÅXn\m Ch KpWt¯¡mtfsd tZmjamWpWvSm¡pI. IqSmsX ChbpsS A\nb{´nXamb {]tbmKw IoS§Ä¡v {]Xntcm[tijn DWvSm¡ns¡mSp¡m\panSbm¡pw. Ignª Hcp ]XnämWvSmbn hnIknX cmPy§fn 'aq¶mw Xeapd' IoS\min\nIÄ¡mbn \o¯apWvSmbns¡mWvSncn¡p¶p. Chbn IoS§fpsS hfÀ¨sb \nb{´n¡p¶ hn[¯nepÅ IoS\min\nIÄ apXembh DÄs¸Sp¶p. Cu cmkhkvXp¡Ä hfsc kpc£nXhpw ]cnØnXn {]iv\§sfm¶pw Xs¶ DWvSm¡m¯hbpamWv. F¦nepw hfsc kmh[m\¯n am{Xta {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpÅq F¶Xpw IoS§Ä ]qÀWambpw Ns¯mSp§p¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ hnfIsf \in¸n¡p¶Xn \n¶pw ]n´ncn¸n¡m³ km[n¡pIbnà F¶Xpw ChbpsS tZmjhi§fmWv. '\memw Xeapd' IoS\min\nIÄ IoS§fpsS kzm`mhs¯ amäp¶ Xc¯nepÅhbmWv. Ch IoS§Ä kky`mK§sf `£n¡msX AIän\nÀ¯pItb XSkapWvSm¡pItb sN¿p¶p. F. kkyP\y IoS\min\nIÄ : apIfn ]dª Hmtcm Xeapd IoS\min\nIfnepw kky kwbpà§fn \n¶v Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¯ IoS\min\nIÄ ImWm³ Ignbp¶p. sNSnIfpsS auenIamb Pohimkv{X]chpw ssPhckX{´]chpamb {]hÀ¯\§fn bmsXmcp hn[ ]¦panÃm¯ hkvXp¡fmWv kkyP\y IoS\min\nIfmIm³ km[yXIfpÅXv. CXn sSÀ]nt\mbnUvkv, ^vtfht\mbnUv, ^nt\mfnIvkv, Assa³Uv, B¡tembnUpIÄ F¶nh DÄs¸Sp¶p. Chtbmtcm¶pw thÀXncns¨Sp¡p¶Xn\pw hniIe\w sN¿p¶Xn\papÅ kmt¦XnIhnZyIÄ hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xv C¯cw IoS\min\nIfpsS Dev]mZ\¯n hfsctbsd apt¼m«pt]mIm³ klmbIambn. CXpaqew GItZiw Adp]tXmfw IpSpw_§fn DÄs¸« hnh[ kky§fnÂ\n¶pw kkyP\y IoS\min\nIÄ Dev]mZn¸n¡mw. Chbn NneXmWv shfp¯pÅn, kqcyIm´n, XIc, Nn¡dn, IyqWnÌv ]¨, Xpfkn, At¡jy, AÂ_o\nb, tkmbm_o³, sN¼c¯n, th¸v (Bcyth¸v, ae th¸v), Im«p IpcpapfIv, ]pIbne, hb¼v, BStemSIw, Icns\m¨n, Fcp¡v, ]qs¨cn apXembh. \nt¡m«n³ hfsc hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼p Xs¶ ]pIbnebneS§nbn«pÅ hnjLSIw \nt¡m«n\msW¶v a\Ênem¡nbncp¶p. hfsc s]s«¶v {]hÀ¯n¡m³ IgnhpÅ Hcp kv]ÀiI IoS\min\nbmWnXv. CXn\v hmXImhØbnepw {]hÀ¯n¡m³ IgnhpWvSv. \nt¡m«n³ Hcp Bev¡tembnUmWv. {ZmhIcq]¯nepÅ ip² \nt¡m«n\v \ndhpw aWhpanÃ. F¶m hmbphpambpÅ k¼À¡¯m AXv {ItaW Idp¸p\ndambn amdp¶pXmbn ImWmw. _mjv]ioeapÅXn\m \nt¡m«n³ D]tbmKn¨tijw s]s«¶v A{]Xy£amIpw. CXpaqew \nt¡m«n\p ]Icw \nt¡m«n³ kÄt^ämbmWv IoS\min\nbmbv D]tbmKn¨phcp¶Xv. {ZmhIcq]¯n \nt¡m«n³ kÄt^äv (40% hocyapÅXv) e`yamWv. CXv shÅhpambn IeÀ¯n t\À¸n¨v tkm¸pambn IeÀ¯n sNSnIfn Xfn¡mw. GItZiw 0.05 apX 0.1 iXam\w \nt¡m«n³ Xfnt¡WvS {ZmhI¯nepWvSmbn cn¡Ww. ]pIbne IjmbamWv asäm¶v. CXp X¿mdm¡m\mbn 400 {Kmw ]pIbne sNdpIjW§fmbn Acnªv 4 enäÀ shůn Hcp Znhkw apgph³ IpXnÀ¯phbv¡Ww. AXn\ptijw CXns\ sNdpXmbn NqSm¡nb tijw ]pIbne \¶mbn ]ngnªv Acns¨Sp¡Ww. 100 {Kmw _mÀtkm¸v t\À¯ NofpIfmbn AcnsªSp¯v asämcp ]m{X¯nepÅ 1 enäÀ shůn ebn¸n¡pI. Cu tkm¸pemb\n t\ct¯ X¿mdm¡nh¨n«pÅ ]pIbne emb\nbnsemgn¨v \¶mbn Cf¡Ww. C§s\ X¿mdm¡nb KmV]pIbne Ijmb¯n 5-6 Cc«n shÅw tNÀ¯v sNSnIfn Xfn¡mw. Cet¸³, iev¡ IoS§Ä, aoenaq«IÄ, Ce¨mSnIÄ, G^nUpIÄ, ]pgp¡Ä, hWvSpIÄ apXemb IoS§sf \nb{´n¡m³ A\ptbmPyamWv \nt¡m«n³. ss]d{Xw Pa´nhÀK¯nÂs¸« Hcp sNSnbpsS ]q¡fn \n¶pw \njvIÀjWw sNbvsXSp¡p¶XmWv Cu IoS\min\n. ]pcmX\ Imew apXevs¡ a[y]qÀh tZi§fn IoS\nb{´W¯n\mbn CXv hym]Iambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. F¶m 19-mw \qämWvtSmSpIqSnbmWv Cu kkyP\y IoS\min\n¡v bqtdm¸v, Atacn¡, P¸m³ apXemb cmPy§fn {]Nmcw In«nbXv. ss]d{Xw AYhm ss]dt{XmbnUvkv F¶ cmk]ZmÀ°w 6 LSI§fpsS Hcp an{inXamWv. Chbv¡v s]mXpsh cmkØncX CÃm¯Xn\m thKw hnLSn¡pIbpw IoS\min\n¡v iàn IpdbpIbpw sN¿pw. CXn\v kv]Ài\am{Xbn Xs¶ IoS§sf XfÀ¯phm\pÅ IgnhpWvSv. ss]d{Xw A\yPohnIsf Hcp Xc¯nepw _m[n¡nÃ. ap«, Fdp¼v, Cu¨, ]mä, sImXpIv, kky§fpsS \ocqän¡pSn¡p¶ apª, Get¸³, iev¡IoS§Ä, aoenaq«IÄ apXembhbpsS \nb{´W¯n\v ss]d{Xw ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn¡mw. kw`cn¨ph¨n«pÅ [m\y§fntebpw ]¨¡dn kky§fntebpw IoS§Äs¡Xnsc A]ISkm[yX CÃmsX ss]d{Xw D]tbmKn¡mw. ASp¯Ime¯v ss]d{X¯nsâ cmkLS\ a\Ênem¡n kam\ hocyapÅ Ir{Xna ss]dt{XmbnUpIÄ hn]Wnbnend¡nbn«pWvSv. thK¯n hnLSn¡m¯Xpw IqSpX IoS\min\n iànbpapÅXmbXn\m Ch [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¨phcp¶pWvSv. DZm: s^³ hmetdäv, s]Àsa{Xn³, sskhÀa{Xn³, sUÂämsa{Xn³ apXembh. F¶m ChbpsS A\nb{´nXamb D]tbmKw IoS§Ä¡v {]Xntcm[tijn DWvSmIm\nSbm¡pw. tdm«nt\m¬ sUdnkv F¶ sNSnbpsS thcpIfn 4 apX 11 iXam\w tdm«nt\m¬ AS§nbn«pWvSv. s]mSnbmbpw {ZmhIambpw CXv D]tbmKn¡mw. kvt{]bn 0.002 apX 0.004 iXam\w hsc iàna¯mb Awiw AS§nbncn¡Ww. \ocpän¡pSp¡p¶ IoS§Äs¡Xnscbpw ]pgp¡Ä¡pw hWvSpIÄ¡psaXnscbpw tdm«nt\m¬ D]tbmKn¡mw. CXv kv]ÀiI hnjambpw DZchnjambpw {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. th¸v cmkIoS\min\nIÄ IWvSp]nSn¡p¶Xn\v iXm_vZ§Ä¡p ap¼pXs¶ `mcX¯nse IÀjIÀ th¸nsâ IoS\nb{´W¡gnhpIÄ a\Ênem¡nbncp¶p. Bcyth¸ntâbpw aeth¸ntâbpw CeIfnepw ImbvIfnepw IoS\nb{´W iànbpÅ AkmUndmIvSn³, aoenbm\v{SntbmÄ apXemb ]ZmÀ°§fS§nbn«pWvSv. Gähpw IqSpXembn Cu hkvXp¡fnepÅXv ImbvIfnepw ]cn¸nÂ\ns¶Sp¡p¶ F®bnepamWv. s]mXpth ths¸®tbm ]n®mt¡m, AkmUndmIvSnt\m D]tbmKn¨m IoS§sf sNSnIfnÂ\n¶Iän \nÀ¯pItbm Ah hfsc Ipd¨pam{Xw Blmcw Ign¡pItbm tamiambn hfcpItbm CSp¶ ap«IfpsS F®w IpdbpItbm sN¿p¶Xmbn ImWmw. \ocpän¡pSn¡p¶ IoS§sfbpw Ce Xo\n¸pgp¡sfbpw Hcp t]mse \nb{´n¡m\pÅ Ignhv th¸n \n¶p In«p¶ IoS\min\nIÄ¡pWvSv. th¸n³ Ijmbw Ccp]Xp {Kmw th¸n³ ]cn¸psImWvSv Hcp enäÀ Ijmbw X¿mdm¡mw. ]gp¯ th¸n³ImbvIfpsS Ipcp thÀs¸Sp¯n \¶mbn NX¨ ]cn¸v IngnsI«n 6 apX 10 aWn¡qÀ t\cw shůn IpXnÀ¯phbv¡Ww. ]n¶oSv Ingn ]eh«w shůn ap¡n \¶mbn ]ngnªv k¯v shůn IeÀ¯Ww. emb\nIfpsS \ndw sXfnbpt¼mÄ Ingn\o¡n Ijmbw sNSnIfn Xfn¡m\p]tbmKn¡mw. ]¨¡dn hnfIÄ¡v hfsc \ÃXmWo Ijmbw. ths¸® tkm¸v tNÀ¯v ]X¨ ths¸®bpw \sÃmcp IoS\min\nbmWv. Hcn enäÀ shůn tNÀ¡m\mbn 20 an. enäÀ F® thWw. BhiyapÅ{X F® Hcp ]m{X¯nseSp¯ tijw tkm¸v hfsc t\cnbXmbn Acnªv tNÀ¯v ]X¸n¡Ww. \à shfp¸p\ndw In«p¶Xn\pw icnbmbn ]Xbp¶Xn\pw thWvS{X tkm¸v tNÀ¡Ww. tkm¸n\p ]Icambn Sot¸mfpw D]tbmKn¡mw. C§s\ X¿mdm¡nb ths¸® tkm¸v an{inXw sNSnIfn Xfn¡mw. th¸n³ ]n®m¡v th¸n³ ]n®m¡v s\ÂhbenenSp¶Xv XWvSpXpc¸³, \nam hncIÄ F¶o IoS§sf \nb{´n¡m³ klmbn¡pw. hgpX\, X¡mfn, shWvS F¶nhsb B{Ian¡p¶ \namhncIÄs¡Xnsc ChbpsS ssXIÄ \Sp¶Xn\pap¼v XS§fn \¶mbn s]mSn¨ th¸n³ ]n®m¡v 50 {Kmw C«psImSp¡p¶Xv \ÃXmWv. 1 In.. {Kmw ]n®m¡v 5 enäÀ shůn Hcp cm{Xn IpXnÀ¯ph¨tijw Acns¨Sp¯v emb\nbpw sNSnIfn Xfn¡mw. th¸ne Ijmbw Bcyth¸nsâ 100 {Kmw Ce 5 enäÀ shůn Xnf¸n¡pIbpw XWpX¯tijw sNSnIfn Xfn¡pIbpw sN¿mw. ths¸®bpsS k¯n \n¶pw X¿mdm¡p¶ ]e IoS\min\nIfpw C¶v hn]Wnbnse¯nbn«pWvSv. Ahbn NneXmWv - 1. amÀtKmsskUv knbsI 20% C kn 2. amÀtKmsskUv Hm.sI. 8% C kn 3. \n¼nknUn³ (sÌbn³Uv) 4. A¨q¡v (tKmZvsdPv) 5. \ow tKmÄUv (kv]n¡v) 6. \oakm (C.sF.Un. hmcn) hb¼v \à CuÀ¸apÅ a®n hfÀ¯mhp¶ hb¼v sNSnIfpsS Ing§pIfn IoS\min\nbmbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ At¡mdn³, hÔyw IcWtijnbpÅ Aktdm¬ F¶nh AS§nbn«pWvSv. Ing§v h«¯necnªpW¡n `£y[m\y§fpsS IqsS kq£n¡p¶Xv (1:100 F¶ A\p]mX¯nÂ) Ch tISpIqSmsX kwc£n¡m³ klmbn¡pw. ]bdp hn¯pIÄ kq£n¨phbv¡m³ DW¡ns¸mSn¨ hb¼n³ IjW§Ä tNÀ¡p¶Xv \ÃXmWv. ]¨¡ng§nsâ k¯v shůn tNÀ¯v sNSnIfn IoS§Äs¡Xnsc {]tbmKn¡mw. Ch IqSmsX Im«pXpfknbnepÅ ssXtamÄ, Hmkvao³ F¶o LSI§Ä¡pw IoS§sf AIän \nÀ¯m\pÅ IgnhpWvSv. ssPhnI IoS\nb{´Ww IoS§fpsS {]IrXymbpÅ ip{Xp{]mWnIsf {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbmWv km[n¡p¶Xv. F.Un. 304þ ssN\bn \n¶pw e`n¨ tcJIfn \mcI¯nsâ IoS§sf \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\mbn Ddp¼n³ IqSpIÄ N´bn hnäph¶ncp¶Xmbn ImWm³ Ignbpw. Cu Ddp¼pIÄ ac¯n IqSpsI«pIbpw IoS§sf Xn¶p \in¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. 7-mw iXI¯nse Nne tcJIfn \n¶p ssN\bn Xs¶bpÅ C¶s¯ Kp]mwKvtUmwKv {]hiybnse \mcIIÀjIcpw C¯cw Ddp¼n³ IqSpIsf hfsc ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xmbn a\Ênem¡m³ km[n¡pw. \ap¡p Npäpw ImWp¶ hnhn[ ]£nIfpw tNcbpw XhfbpsaÃmw C¯cw {]IrXnZ¯amb IoSi{Xp¡fmWv. audojykn sh«pInfnIsf Xn¶p \in¸n¡p¶Xn\mbn 1762- `mc¯n \n¶pw ssa\Isf sImavSpt]mbncp¶p. _À½bnemIs« ssN\bnteXp amXncn \mcIs¯ _m[n¡p¶ IoS§sf Xn¶p\in¸n¡p¶Xn\mbn Ddp¼pIÄ¡v btYjvSw k©cn¡m\mbn ac§Ä X½n apfsImWvSv _Ôn¨ncp¶p. B[p\nI ssPhoI IoS\nb{´W¯nsâ BZy]Snbmbn 1880-Ifn Iment^mÀWnbbn teUnt_ÀUv hWvSpIsf iev¡ IoS§Ä Xn¶p \in¸n¡m\mbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xns\ IW¡m¡mw. CXns\ XpSÀ¶v Cu imJbn hfscb[nIw KthjW \nco£W§Ä hnhn[ cmPy§fn \S¯pIbpWvSmbn. 1935-HmsS 26-Hmfw hnPbIYIÄ imJbnepWvSmbn. F¶m sNehp IpdªXpw hfsc Ffp¸¯nepw IoS§sf \nb{´n¡p¶ Un.Un.än. bpsS IWvSp]nSn¯t¯msS ssPhnI IoS\nb{´W¯n\pÅ Xmev]cyw IÀjIcn Ipdbm\nSbmbn. CXpaqew1958-HmsS hnPtbmZmlcW§Ä 4 Cc«n am{XamWpWvSmbXv. F¶m Un.Un.än bptSbpw aäpw Zqjyhi§sf¡pdn¨v IqSpX a\Ênem¡nbXv ssPhnI\nb{´W amÀK§sf¸än IqSpX ]Tn¡m\nS hcp¯n. CXpaqew1964- 225 DZmlcW§Ä NqWvSn¡mWn¡m³ km²yambn. C¶v GItZiw 400- ]cw DZmlcW§fpWvSv. 150-Hmfw IoS§sf Ct¸mÄ Cu coXnbp]tbmKn¨v ^e{]Zambn \nb{´n¡m³ Ignbp¶pWvSv. ssPhnI\nb{´W coXnbpsS {]tbmP\§Ä 1. {]IrXnbpsS kaXpenXmhØ \ne\nÀ¯p¶p. 2. ]cnkc aen\oIcW¯n\nSbm¡m¯Xn\m {]IrXnan{Xw. 3. a\pjy\pw arK§Ä¡pw hnj_m[ DWvSm¡m¯hbmWv. aäp ]mÀiz {]iv\§sfm¶pw Xs¶bpWvSmInÃ. 4. D±njvS IoSs¯ am{Xw \in¸n¡p¶p. 5. IoS\min\nIsf At]£n¨v sNehp Ipdª amÀKw 6. ssPhoI\nb{´W¯n\p]tbmKn¡p¶ {]mWnIÄ X\nsb s]äps]cpIp¶Xpw XpSÀ¨bmbpÅXpamWv. 7. IoS§Ä {]Xntcm[tijn ssIhcn¡m\nSbm¡m¯hbmWv tZmj§Ä hfsc kmh[m\w am{Xta {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpÅq. IoS§sf D·qe\miw hcp¯p¶nÃ. ssPhnI IoS\nb{´Ww XpSÀ¨bmbpÅXmIWsa¦n Gähpw Ipdªv kwJybnemsW¦n IqSnbpw CcbpsS km¶n²yw DWvSmbncn¡Ww. X·qew Irjn¡mÀ¡v Cu coXn Ahew_n¡p¶Xpaqew XnI¨pw ]qÀWambn IoSm{IaW hnapàamb hnfhv t\Sm³ Ignªpsh¶v hcnIbnÃ. ssPhnI IoS\nb{´Ww XpS§nbm ]n¶oSv IoS\min\nIÄ {]tbmKn¡m³ km[n¡pIbnÃ. Cu coXn {]hNn¡m\mhm¯XmWv. DZm: 1938- t]mÀt«mdn¡bn aÄ_dnbpsS iev¡§sf \nb{´n¡m\mbn Nne hWvSpIsf ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. Ch iev¡§sf ]qÀWambpw \in¸n¡pIbpw ]n¶oSv hwi\miw kw`hn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶m AXn\ptijw 1953- iev¡§Ä h³tXmXn s]m«n¸pds¸SpIbpw aÄ_dns¨SpIsf ]qÀhm[nIw iànbmbn B{Ian¡pIbpw sNbvXp. C¯c¯n Nne tZmj§sfms¡ DWvsS¦nepw ssPhnI IoS\nb{´W coXnIÄIqSn Ahew_ns¨¦n am{Xta {]IrXnbpsS Xmfw sXämsXbpÅ Irjn apt¼m«p sImWvSp t]mIm\mhq. IoS\min\nIÄ X¿mdm¡pt¼mÄ acp¶nsâ Afhv IWvSp]nSn¡m\pÅ amÀKw. F- IoS\min\n emb\nbn AS§nbncn¡p¶ hocy¯nsâ iXam\w. _n- IoS\min\nbpsS Afhv ({Kmw /an .enäÀ) kn- thWvSnhcp¶ IoS\min\nbpsS Afhv (an. enäÀ) Un- IoS\min\n emb\n¡v DWvSmbncnt¡WvS hnjhocyw CXn \n¶pw F : _n = kn : Un DZm: 0.07 iXam\w hocyapÅ Hcp enäÀ IoS\min\n X¿mdm¡m³ thWvS skmtfm¬ 35 CknbpsS Afhv F{X? apIfn ]dªX\pkcn¨v
F =
35 AXmbXv 0.07 iXam\w hocyapÅ 1 enäÀ IoS\min\n X¿mdm¡m³ 2 an. enäÀ tkmtfm¬ thWw. IW¡v : 0.05 iXam\w hocyapÅ 1 enäÀ IoS\min\n X¿mdm¡m³ thWvS F¡meIvkv 25 CknbpsS Afsh{X? D¯cw : 2 an. enäÀ th¸v I¬IWvS IoS\min\n C´ybn Irjn XpS§nb Imew apX th¸p ac¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§Ä IoS\min\nbmbn D]tbmKn¨p hcp¶p. th¸n³ Ipcp k¯v, Ipcp s]mSn¨Xv, F®, ]n®m¡v F¶nhbmWv IoS§sf Xpc¯m³ D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. AXn]pcmX\Imew apX th¸pac¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§Ä IoS\nb{´W¯n\pw tcmKia\¯n\pw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n hcp¶pWvSv. Xmsg¸dbp¶ \mepÂ]¶§fmWv C´ybnse IÀjIÀ ]mc¼cyambn Cu Bhiy¯n\p]tbmKn¨p h¶ncp¶Xv: 1. th¸n³Ipcp k¯v 2. ths¸® 3. th¸n³Ipcp s]mSn¨Xv 4. th¸n³ ]n®m¡v th¸n³ Ipcp k¯v th¸nsâ ]gp¯ ]g§Ä tiJcn¨p Iq«n.bn«v Imep sImWvSp Nhn«n amwkfamb ]pdwsXmen amäpI. Ahtijn¡p¶ hn¯p IgpIn hr¯nbm¡n shbne¯pW¡nsbSp¯p tiJcn¡mw. C¯c¯n hr¯nbm¡nb hn¯n \n¶mWv IoS\min\n Xbmdmt¡WvSXv. Bhiy¯n\p hns¯Sp¯v CSn¨p NX¨v (anIvknbn s]mSn¨mepw aXn) Hcp XpWnbn sI«n Ingnbm¡n shůn ap¡nbnSpI. Hcp enäÀ shůn\v 25þ50 {Kmw hn¯p aXnbmIpw. Hcp cm{Xn apgph³ IpXnÀ¯ tijw Ingn sR¡n¸ngnªp k¯p shůn IeÀ¯pt¼mÄ AXn\p a§nb ]mÂ\ndw ssIhcpw. Cu emb\n CeXo\n¸pgp¡sf AIäm³ thWvSn Xfn¡m\p]tbmKn¡mw. asämcp coXnbn A©p Intem{Kmw th¸n³hn¯v Dcenen«nSn¨v (anIvknbn s]mSn¨v ) IngnsI«n 12 aWn¡qÀ kabw Hcp _¡äv shůn (10 enäÀ) ap¡nh¨ncp¶ tijw \¶mbn sR¡n¸ngnªp shůn IeÀ¯pI. thsdmcp ]m{X¯n Ac enäÀ shÅsaSp¯v AXn 10 {Kmw tkm¸v ebn¸n¨p In«p¶ emb\n th¸n³k¯pambn IeÀ¯nb tijw ]¯nc«n shÅw tNÀ¯p t\À¸n¨v (100 enäÀ ) Xfn¡m\p]tbmKn¡mw. ths¸® th¸n³Ipcp B«nsbSp¡p¶ F®bmWv. Hcp Intem th¸n³ Ipcp B«nbm IjvSn¨v 150þ200 anÃnenäÀ F®tb In«q. b{´¨¡n AÂ]w IqSn e`nt¨¡pw. tkmÄhâv FIvkv{Sm£³ coXn sImWvSv F®sbSp¯mepw AXnsâ IoS\miIkz`mh¯n\p amä apWvSmInà F¶p IWvSn«pWvSv. ]bdphÀK§Ä tISpIqSmsX kq£n¡m³ ths¸® hnPbIcambn D]tbmKs¸Sp¯mw. Hcp Intem ]bdn\v 2þ3 anÃnenäÀ ths¸®sb¶ tXmXn \¶mbn IeÀ¯n D]tbmKn¡mw. Hcp sImÃw hsc ]bÀ IoSieyanÃmsX Cu coXnbn kq£n¡mw. Blmcmhiy¯n\v Cu ]bÀ D]tbmKn¡pw ap¼p NqSpshůn \¶mbn IgpIn Ibv]v amtäWvSn hcpw. Hcp enäÀ shůn 10 anÃnenäÀ F¶ tXmXn ths¸® AÂ]w tkm¸pambn IeÀ¯n CaÄknss^ sNbvXXv FSp¯m IoS§Äs¡Xntc Xfn¡m\pÅ IoS\min\nbmbn. th¸n³Ipcp k¯ns\ At]£n¨v Cu coXn sNethdnbXmbncn¡pw. th¸n³Ipcp s]mSn¨Xv \¶mbn DW¡nb th¸n³Ipcp s]mSns¨Sp¯Xp [m\y§fpw ]bdphÀK§fpw IoSieyw IqSmsX kq£n¡m³ thWvSn D]tbmKs¸Sp¯mdpWvSv. kwc£n¡s¸tSWvS DÂ]¶¯nsâ hym]vX¯nsâ 1% apX 2% hsc Afhn th¸n³ Ipcp s]mSn IeÀt¯WvSn hcpw. Cu coXnbn Hcp sImÃw hsc DÂ]¶w tISpIqSmXncn¡psa¶pw IWvSn«pWvSv. th¸n³ ]n®m¡v hn¯pIÄ hnXbv¡p¶Xn\p ap¼p a®v DgpXv Cf¡p¶ Ahkc¯n slIvSdn\v Ht¶m ctWvSm S¬ F¶ \nc¡n th¸n³]n®m¡v hnXdn tNÀ¡p¶Xp ]¨¡dnhnfIfnse Imbpw XWvSpw Xpc¶p \in¸n¡p¶ IoS§Äs¡XntcbpÅ \sÃmcp \nb{´WamÀKamsW¶p IWvSn«pWvSv. a®neqsS ]Icp¶Xcw IpanfpIfpsSbpw _mIvSocnbIfpsSbpw \nb{´W¯n\pw th¸n³]n®m¡v a®n tNÀ¡p¶Xv D]tbmK{]ZamWv. 500 {Kmw th¸n³]n®m¡v 10 enäÀ shůn IpXnÀ¯v 12 aWn¡qÀ h¨ncp¶p In«p¶ ISpwNmbbpsS \ndapÅ emb\n Xfn¨p sImSp¯m CeXo\n¸pgp¡sf \nb{´n¡m³ Ignbpw. ss\{SP³ {][m\amb \sÃmcp ssPhhfw IqSnbmWv th¸n³]n®m¡v. ssPhIoS\min\nIÄ cmkIoS\min\nIÄ A]ISImcnIfmWv. {]tXyIn¨p ]¨¡dn, ]gw IrjnbnÂ. cmkIoS\min\nIÄ¡p ]Icw \n¡m³ \ap¡p ]e ssPhIoS\min\nIfpw D]tbmKn¡m³ Ignbpw. Ahsb¸än. ths¸® FaÄj³ Adp]Xp {Kmw _mÀ tkm¸v Ac enäÀ shůn ebn¸n¨v tkm¸pemb\n XbmÀ sN¿pI. Cu emb\n Hcp enäÀ ths¸®bn Hgn¨p \ÃXpt]mse Cf¡pI. ths¸® FaÄj³ Xbmdmbn. C§s\ Xbmdm¡nb ths¸® FaÄj³ 15 enäÀ shůn tNÀ¯v D]tbmKn¡mw. hÅn¸bdnsâ {][m\ i{Xp¡fmb Nn{XIoSw. apª (G^nUv), samtk¡v tcmKw ChbpsS \nb{´W¯n\v CXp ^e{]ZamWv. kvt{]bÀ sImWvSv ]bÀsNSnbpsS `mK§fn sNdpIWnIIfmbn ]Xn¡p¶ coXnbnemWp Xfnt¡WvSXv. ths¸® FaÄj³ hÅn¸bdnsâ IoS\nb{´W¯n\p am{XamWv F¶p {]tXyIw HmÀan¡pI. shfp¯pÅn an{inXw shÅcn hÀK ]¨¡dnIfpsS {][m\ i{Xp¡fmb shÅo¨, ]¨¯pų, apª (G^nUv) ChbpsS \nb{´W¯n\p ths¸® FaÄj³ shfp¯pÅn an{inXw ^e{]ZamWv. ap³]p \nÀtZin¨ coXnbn XbmÀ sNbvX H¶c enäÀ ths¸® FaÄj³ Adp]Xp enäÀ shůn tNÀ¯p t\À¸n¡pI. Cu emb\nbn Ht¶Im Intem {Kmw shfp¯pÅn \ÃXp t]mse Ac¨ptNÀ¡pI. an{inXw Acns¨Sp¯v CeIfpsS ASnhi¯p ]Xn¡p¶ coXnbn Hcp kvt{]bÀ sImWvSv Xfn¡pI. Incnbm¯v, tkm¸v, an{inXw apfInsâ IpcpSn¸n\p {][m\ ImcW¡mcmb Cet¸³, shÅo¨, apª (G^nUv), aWvScn F¶nhbpsS \nb{´W¯n\p Incnbm¯v, tkm¸v, shfp¯pÅn an{inXw \ÃXmWv. 60 {Kmw _mÀtkm¸v Ac enäÀ shůn ebn¸ns¨Sp¯ emb\n, Incnbm¯v sNSnbpsS CfwXWvSpw CeIfpw NXs¨Sp¯ Hcp enäÀ Nmdn Hgn¨nf¡pI. CXn 330 {Kmw shfp¯pÅn Ac¨p tNÀ¡pI. an{inXw 15 enäÀ shůn t\À¸n¨v Acns¨Sp¯v CeIfpsS ASnhi¯p hogpw hn[w kvt{]bÀ D]tbmKn¨p Xfn¡pI. \mä¸qs¨Sn, tkm¸v an{inXw Adp]Xp {Kmw _mÀtkm¸v Ac enäÀ shůn ebn¸ns¨Sp¯ emb\n, \mä¸qs¨SnbpsS CeIfpw CfwXWvSpw NXs¨Sp¯ Hcp enäÀ Nmdn Hgn¨nf¡pI. Cu an{inXw ]Xn\©p enäÀ t\À¸n¨ Iªnshůn tNÀ¯v Acns¨Sp¯p sNSnbpsS `mK§fn Xfn¨m apª (G^nUv) IfpsS \nb{´Ww ^e{]ZamIpw. tdmks¨Snbn \ocqän¡pSn¡p¶ {]mWnIfpsS \nb{´W¯n\pw Cu an{inXw D]tbmKn¡mw. th¸n³Ipcp k¯v hgpXn\, shWvS F¶o sNSnIfn {]iv\IoSamb XWvSpw Imbpw Xpc¡p¶ ]pgp¡fpsS B{IaWw XSbp¶Xn\p klmbn¡p¶ Hcp ssPhIoS\min\nbmWnXv. ]pgpt¡Sn\p hnt[bamb sNSnbpsS CfwXWvSpw ImbvIfpw apdn¨pamän \in¸n¨ tijw th¸n³Ipcp k¯v Xfn¡p¶ coXnbmWv. 5% hocyapÅ emb\n CXn\mbn D]tbmKn¡mw. emb\n DWvSm¡m³ 50 {Kmw th¸n³Ipcp s]mSn¨v Hcp XpWnbn IngnsI«n 1 enäÀ shůn 12 aWn¡qÀ ap¡nhbv¡pI. CXn\p tijw Ingn ]pds¯Sp¯v CtX shůn ]eXhW ap¡n¸ngnbpI. shÅw Xhn«p\ndambn amdp¶Xphsc CXv BhÀ¯n¡pI. tKmaq{Xw, Im´mcn an{inXw icoc¯nsâ D]cnXe¯n shfp¯ Hcp tPmSn hcIfpÅ ]¨¸pgp ]mhenepw ]¨\nd¯nepÅ Iq\³]pgp¡Ä ]She¯nepw Ce Xn¶pw Imbv Xpc¶pw tISphcp¯p¶p. CeIÄ Xn¶p henb Zzmc§Ä DWvSm¡p¶ I«¸pgp¡Ä hmgbpsS {][m\ i{XpIoSamWv. ChbpsS \nb{´W¯n\p tKmaq{Xw Im´mcn an{inXw \ÃXmWv. Hcp enäÀ tKmaq{X¯n ]¯p {Kmw Im´mcnapfIv Ac¨ptNÀ¡pI. an{inXw 10 enäÀ shůn t\À¸n¨v Acns¨Sp¯p Xfn¡pI. hmgbpsS I«¸pgphnsâ \nb{´W¯n\v CXv D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ Cebnepw Cet¸mfIÄ¡pÅnepw ]IpXn hnSÀ¶p \n¡p¶ \m¼nebv¡pÅnepw ]Xn¡p¶ coXnbn Xfn¡Ww. th¸n³ Ipcp s]mSn hmgbpsS {][m\ i{XpIoSamb XSXpc¸³ ]pgphnsâ \nb{´W¯n\p th¸n³Ipcp s]mSn D]tbmKn¡mw. hmg \«v aq¶pamkw Ignbpt¼mÄ th¸n³ Ipcp s]mSn¨v Ce¡hnfpIfn \ndbv¡p¶ coXnbmWp kzoIcnt¡WvSXv. Hcp hmgbv¡v A³]Xp {Kmw th¸n³ Ipcps¸mSn th n hcpw. th¸n³ Ipcp s]mSn¡p ]Icw th¸n³]n®m¡pw s]mSn¨v D]tbmKn¡mw. aª s]bnâv sIWn shÅcn hÀK ]¨¡dnIÄ, shWvS, hgpX\, apfIv, ac¨o\n, F¶nhbn samtk¡v tcmKw ]c¯p¶Xn {][m\ ]¦p hln¡p¶ Hcp i{XpIoSamWv shÅo¨. shÅo¨Isf IpSp¡m³ klmbn¡p¶ Hcp sIWnbmWnXv. CS¯cw hen¸apÅ Sn¶pIfpsS (DZmlcWw AapÂ, UmÂUm F¶nhbpsS Hgnª Sn¶pIÄ) ]pdw`mK§fn aª s]bnâv ASn¡pI. s]bnâv DW§nbtijw tXm«§fn AhnShnsS \m«nbn«pÅ 21/2 ASn \ofapÅ I¼pIfn Sn³ Iagv¯nhbv¡pI. ]n¶oSv Sn¶n aªs¸bnâSn¨ ]pdw`mK¯v BhWs¡® ]pc«pI. aª\ndw CjvSs¸Sp¶ shÅo¨IÄ sIWnbnte¡v BIÀjn¡s¸SpIbpw Sn¶n ]pc«nbncn¡p¶ BhWs¡®bn H«n¸nSn¨v N¯pt]mIpIbpw sN¿pw. Cu sIWnIÄ apª (G^nUv) Isf IpSp¡m\pw \ÃXmWv. Ddp¼psIWn shWvS, hgpX\, ]bÀ, apfIv ChbpsS thcv, XWvSv, ]qhv, Imbv F¶nh Xpf¨p \miw sN¿p¶ ISnDdp¼pIsf sIWnbn IpSp¡n \in¸n¡mw. shůn \\s¨Sp¯ ]¯p {Kmw iÀ¡c¡jWw Hcp Nnc«bv¡pÅn tX¨p]nSn¸n¡pI. Hcp \pÅv ^pdUm³Xcn Nnc«bv¡pÅn tX¨p]nSn¸n¨ iÀ¡cbpsS apIfn hnXdpI. Cu sIWn Ddp¼n³IqSn\cnIn hbv¡pI. Ddp¼pIÄ sIWnbnse hnjen]vXam¡nb iÀ¡c Xn¶p Ns¯mSp§pw. Imbo¨s¡WnIÄ shÅcnhÀK ]¨¡dnbpsS hntijn¨v ]mhÂ, ]Shew F¶nhbpsS {][m\i{Xphmb Imbo¨Isf sIWnbn IpSp¡mhp¶XmWv. CXnte¡p ]gs¡Wn, Xpfkns¡Wn Ch Xbmdm¡n ]Shew, ]mh ]´en CShn«p Xq¡nbnSmw. ]gs¡Wn ]mfb³tImS³ ]gw sXmentbmSpIqSn aq¶v, \mev IjW§fmbn apdn¡pI. Hcp ISemkn Htc \nc¸n \nc¯nbn«ncn¡p¶ ^pdUm³ Xcnbn ]g¡jW¯nsâ Hcp apdn`mKw H¸nsbSp¡pI. ^pdUm³Xcn ]nSn¸n¨ ]gapdnbpsS hiw apIfnem¡n Hcp Nnc«bv¡pÅn hbv¡pI. Cu Nnc« ]´en Xq¡nbnSmw. Xpfkns¡Wn Hcp ssI¸nSnbn HXp§p¶ Xpfkn CeIÄ Ac¨pIn«p¶ Xpfkn¨mdpw NWvSnbpw Hcp Nnc«bnseSp¡pI. CXn Ipd¨p shÅw Hgn¡pI. C\n ]¯p{Kmw iÀ¡c s]mSn¨v Xpfkn\ocpambn tbmPn¸n¡pI. Ac {Kmw ^pdUm³ Xcnbpw IqsS tNÀ¯v Xpfkn \ocv hnjen]vXam¡pI. Xpfkns¡Wn ]´en Xq¡nbnSpI. IªnshÅs¡Wn Hcp Nnc«bn Im `mKw Iªnshffw \ndbv¡pI. ]¯p {Kmw iÀ¡c s]mSn¨p Iªnshff¯n tNÀ¯v Cf¡pI. Ac {Kmw ^qdUm³ XcnIqsS tNÀ¯p an{inXw hnjen]vXam¡pI. sIWn ]´en Xq¡nbnSmw. ao³ sIWn \ÃXpt]mse s]mSn¨ ao³ 5 {Kmw Hcp Nnc«¡pffnenSpI. ao³s]mSn shffw Xfn¨v sNdpXmbn \\bv¡pI. Ac {Kmw ^pdUm³ Xcn Nnc«bnse ao³ s]mSnbpambn tNÀ¯v Cf¡pI. C\n Nnc« Hcp t]mfn¯o³ Ihdn\pffn Cd¡nshbv¡pI. t]mfn¯o³ IqSnsâ apIÄ `mKw Iq«ns¡«pI. t]mfn¯o³IqSnsâ Ccqhi§fnepambn Imbo¨bv¡p IS¶p IqSm³ X¡ hen¸apff Bdp Zzmc§Ä CSpI. sIWnIÄ ]´en Xq¡nbnSmw. C¯cw sIWnIfnte¡p Imbo¨IÄ BIÀjn¡s¸SpIbpw hnjen]vXam¡nb Blmcw \¡n Ign¨v Ah \in¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pw. kwtbmPnX kkykwc£Ww IoSm{IaWw aqew Irjn¡pWvSmtb¡mhp¶ \jvSw Xn«s¸Sp¯pI A{X Ffp¸aÃ. Nne Ahkc§fn Nne Xcw IoS§Ä KWyamb \jvSw hcp¯pt¼mÄ aäp Nne kab§fn Ch DWvSm¡ntb¡mhp¶ \jvSw {i²bnÂs¸Sm¯ \nc¡n Btb¡mw. hnfIsf IoS_m[bn \n¶pw kwc£n¡p¶Xn\pÅ GI D]m[nbmbn Irjn¡mÀ ImWp¶Xv IoS\min\n {]tbmKw am{XamWv. kkykwc£Ww F¶v tIÄ¡p¶ am{Xbn Xs¶, e`yamIp¶ GXphnjhpw AhbpsS Xctam {]hÀ¯\ coXntbm a\Ênem¡msX DbÀ¶ tXmXn ]eh«w {]tbmKn¨v i{Xp{]mWnIsf hIhcp¯pI F¶pÅXv Hcp sXämb kao]\amWv. XpSsc¯pSscbpÅXpw hnthN\clnXhpamb IoS\min\n{]tbmK¯nsâ ^eambn ]e IoS§fpw IoS\min\nIÄs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[iànbmÀÖn¨p Ignªp. ISp¯ hnj§Ä hÀ²n¨ tXmXn {]tbmKn¨m t]mepw IoSieyw Hgnhm¡m³ \nhr¯nbnÃm¯ Hcp L«¯n \mw F¯nbncn¡pIbmWv. Cu hkvXpXIfpsS shfn¨¯nÂ, ap³Ime§fn \n¶pw hn`n¶ambn hnj{]tbmK¯n anXXzw ]men¡Wsa¶pÅ Hcp Nn´mKXn BtKmf hym]Iambn iànbmÀÖn¨phcnIbmWv. CXnÂ\n¶mWv kwtbmPnX IoS\nb{´Ww F¶ XXzw {]m_ey¯n h¶Xv. kwtbmPnX IoS\nb{´Ww F¶mse´v? IoS\min\n {]tbmKw DÄs¸sS {]mtbmKnIamb FÃm IoS\nb{´W amÀ¤§sfbpw bpàn]qÀÆw kwtbmPn¸n¨v IoS§sf AaÀ¨ sN¿pI F¶XmWv kwtbmPnX IoS\nb{´W¯nsâ apJy Bibw. hnfIsf {]XnIqeambn _m[n¡m¯ hn[w IoS\min\n {]tbmKw Ipdbv¡pIbpw aäp \nhmcWamÀ¤§Ä IqSn A\phÀ¯n¡pIbpw sN¿pIbmWv CXnsâ Dt±iw. Irjn¡v \miw hcp¯m¯ hn[¯n IoS§fpsS kwJy HXp¡n \nÀ¯p¶Xn\v km²yamb \nb{´W amÀ¤§Ä Ahew_n¡pIbpw, kq£va\nco£Ww \S¯n IoS§Ä IqSpX \miImcnbmbn amdp¶p F¶p a\Ênem¡pt¼mÄ am{Xw IoS\min\n {]tbmKn¡pIbpw sN¿pI F¶Xv Cu Bib¯nsâ ASnØm\ {]amWamWv. {][m\s¸« kwtbmPnX IoS\nb{´W amÀ¤§Ä hniZoIcn¡mw. {]Xntcm[ iànbpÅ hn¯pIfpsS D]tbmKw AXypev]mZ\ tijnbpÅXpw IoS{]Xntcm[ iànbpÅXpamb hn¯n\§Ä XncsªSp¯v Irjn sN¿pI F¶Xv {]tXyI sNehv hcp¯p¶XÃtÃm. F¶m hnfIsf B{Ian¡p¶ FÃm IoS§tfbpw sNdp¯p\n¡phm³ IgnhpÅ hn¯n\§Ä C¶v e`yaà F¶Xv Hcp ]cnanXnbmWv. F¶ncp¶mepw Nne IoS§Ä¡v {]Xntcm[iànbpÅ C\§Ä C¶v e`yamWv. DZm:- ]mhense {]oXn, ]She¯nse IuapZn, a¯\nse AÀ¡ kqcyapJn F¶nh Imbo¨bv¡v Gsd¡psd {]Xntcm[ iànbpÅhbmWv. IqSmsX {]Xntcm[ iànbpÅ \mS³ C\§fpw \Sp¶Xn\p]tbmKn¡mw. ImÀjnI \nb{´Ww \nehnepÅ Irjn¸WnIÄ H¶sæn asämcp Xc¯n IoSm{IaW¯nsâ tXmXv \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xn {][m\ ]¦phln¡p¶pWvSv. Irjn coXnbn ASp¡pw Nn«bpw AXymhiyamWv. Irjn Øew sXcsªSp¡p¶Xp apX {i² sNep¯ntb aXnbmIq. \Ãt]mse kqcy{]Imiw In«p¶Xpw \oÀhmÀ¨m kuIcyapÅXpamb Øew thWw sXcsªSpt¡WvSXv. Imew sXänbpÅ IrjncoXn ]e IoS§tfbpw £Wn¨p hcp¯pw. hnfhnd¡p¶ Imew {IaoIcn¨pw, hnf]cnhÀ¯\w \S¸m¡nbpw, kaoIrXhf {]tbmKw \S¯nbpw, PetkN\w {IaoIcn¨pw IoSm{IaW¯n \n¶pw Irjnsb Hcp ]cn[nhsc c£s¸Sp¯mhp¶XmWv. Irjnbnd¡pt¼mÄ, ap¼v IrjnsNbvXncp¶ hnfIÄ B Øe¯p Xs¶ BhÀ¯n¨v IrjnsN¿mXncn¡phm³ {i²n¡Ww. ]e hnfIÄ Iq«n IeÀ¯n Irjnbnd¡p¶Xpw \ÃXmWv. Øew Hcp¡pt¼mÄ Bg¯n Inf¨p adnbv¡p¶Xv DÄ`mK§fnte¡v kqcy{]Imiw \ÃXpt]mse In«p¶Xn\pw, a®nepff hnhn[ ZiIfnepÅ IoS§sf \in¸n¡p¶Xn\pw klmbn¡pw. IqSmsX ap³hnfIfpsS AhinjvS§Ä \nÀ_\v[ambpw tiJcn¡p¶Xntem, Ipgn¨paqSp¶Xntem Np«pIcn¡p¶Xntem {i²nt¡WvSXpapWvSv. Irjn Bcw`n¡p¶Xn\p apt¶mSnbmbn a®p]cntim[\ \S¯m³ km[n¡psa¦n AXv ]eXc¯nepw KpWw sN¿pw. A¾X IqSpXepÅ IrjnbnS§fn IoStcmKm{IaWw IqSpXepÅXmbn«mWv IWvSphcp¶Xv. AXpsImWvSp Xs¶ A§s\bpÅ Øe§fn \nesamcp¡p¶tXmsS Ip½mb {]tbmKw IqSn \S¯Ww. hf{]tbmK¯nse sXämb {]hWX IoShÀ²\hn\v hfsctbsd klmbn¡pw. ssPhhfIrjnbn {]Xntcm[ iàn IqSpX DsWvS¶p am{XaÃ, cpNnbpw kwkv¡cWtijnbpw IqSpXembncn¡pw. cmkhf§Ä {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ Bhiym\pkcWw am{Xw hf{]tbmKw \S¯Ww. IqSmsX IrjnØehpw ]cnkchpw If hnapàam¡p¶Xnepw {i²n¡Ww. Fs´¶mÂ, IfIÄ ]eXpw IoS§fpsS BXntYb kky§fmWv. ssPhoI \nb{´Ww an¡ IoS§Ä¡pw {]IrXnbn Nne {]mIrXnI i{Xq¡fpWvSv. km[mcWKXnbn Ch i{XpIoS§fpsS hÀ²\hns\ \nb{´n¨v k´penXmhØ \ne\nÀ¯p¶p. CXns\bmWv ssPhoI IoS\nb{´Ww F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. cWvSpXc¯nepÅ ssPhoI \nb{´Ww km[yamIp¶p. H¶v, Cc]nSnb·mcneqsSbpw asäm¶v, ]cmZ§fneqsSbpw. aäp IoS§sf s]s«¶v `£Wambn IsWvS¯p¶hsc Cc]nSnb·mÀ F¶mWv hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. F«pImenIÄ, Xp¼nIÄ XpS§nbh C¡q«¯n s¸Sp¶p. F¶mÂ, ]cmZIoS§Ä, AhbpsS PohnXN{Iw i{XpIoS§fn ]qÀ¯nbm¡p¶p F¶XmWv {]tXyIX. AXmbXv - i{XpIoS§fpsS \miw XmcXtay\ ]Xps¡bmbncn¡pw. IoS§Ä tcmK§Ä¡Snas¸Sp¶p F¶Xpw ssPhoI \nb{´Wambn IW¡m¡mw. sshdkv, _mIvSocnb, IpanÄ F¶o kq£vamWp¡fmWv km[mcWbmbn tcmK§Ä ]c¯p¶Xv. IoSkwJy h³tXmXnemIp¶tXmsS tcmK§fpw IqSpXembn ]c¡p¶p. cmk\nb{´Ww icnbmb Xc¯neÃm¯ IoS\min\n {]tbmKw ]cnkc aen\oIcW¯n\p hgnsXfn¡p¶p. A´co£ hmbphnepw shůnepw acp¶v IeÀ¶v ]cnkcaen\oIcWw DWvSmIp¶p. IoS\min\n {]tbmKw sImWvSv Dt±in¨ hnf kwc£Ww In«p¶nÃ. ]pdta ]ehn[¯nepÅ Zpjy^e§fpw Dfhm¡p¶p. AanXamb IoS\min\n {]tbmKw sImWvSv, IoS\min\nIsf sNdp¯p hfcm³ {]m]vXnbpÅ IoS§Ä DWvSmIp¶p. IoS§fpsS kzm`mhnI i{Xp¡fmbn hfcp¶ At\Iw sNdp{]mWnIÄ \in¸n¡s¸«pt]mIp¶Xpw, IoS\min\n {]tbmK¯nsâ A]cym]vXX aqeamWv. C¯cw hn]¯pIÄ IW¡nseSp¡pt¼mÄ IoS\min\nIfpsS D]tbmKw ]camh[n Ipd¨psImWvSpÅ IoS\nb{´W ]cn]mSnIÄ \S¸nemt¡WvSXnsâ BhiyIX a\ÊnemIpw. i{XpIoS¯nsâ PohnX Zibpw, B{IaW \nehmchpw Xn«s¸Sp¯nb tijw an{XIoS§Ä¡v tZmjwhcm¯ Xc¯nepÅ IoS\min\n {]tbmKamWv Ahew_nt¡WvSXv. km¼¯nIamb hnf\miw DWvSmIp¶psh¦n am{Xta hnj{]tbmKs¯¸än Nn´n¡mhq. km¼¯nI \miw DWvSmIp¶ AhØsb¸än Nn´n¡pt¼mÄ IoS§fpsS tXmXpam{Xw IW¡nseSp¯m t]mcm an{XIoS§fpsS IW¡pw FSp¡Ww. DZm:- apªbpsS B{IaWw IqSpXembn ImWpt¼mÄ AhbpsS i{XpIoS§fmb hWvSpIfpw aäpw DtWvSm F¶pIqSn {i²n¡Ww. hWvSpIfpw aäpw IqSpX ImWp¶psh¦n IoS\mi\n {]tbmKw DSs\ thWvS F¶ \nKa\¯n F¯Ww. an{XIoS§Ä IqSpX DÅt¸mÄ cmk\nb{´Ww hfscb[nIw tZmjw sN¿pw. IoS\min\nIÄ D]tbmKnt¡WvS kmlNcy§fn ]¨¡dnIfn Zpjy^e§Ä CÃm¯ ]pIbne Ijmbw, th¸n³ Ipcpk¯v, as®® Ipg¼v F¶nh D]tbmKn¡mw. aäp \nb{´W amÀ¤§Ä ]eXc¯nepÅ sIWnIÄ D]tbmKn¨v IoSs¯ BIÀjn¨v \in¸n¡mw. hnf¡p sIWnIÄ, \ndapÅ D]cnXe§Ä, BIÀjW iànbpÅ cmkhkvXp¡Ä F¶nhbpw CXnÂs¸Sp¶p. Ct¸mÄ hfsc {]NmcapÅ cmkhkvXp¡fmWv ^ntdmtamWpIÄ. CXpsImWvSv IoS§sf sIWnbn AIs¸Sp¯pItbm CWtNc XSbpItbm Bhmw. ]¨¡dn hnfIfn IoS\nb{´Ww ssIhcn¡p¶Xn\mbn Iq«mb {]hÀ¯\w AXymhiyamWv. CXn\mbn ImÀjnI \nb{´W amÀ¤§Ä¡v IqSpX {]m[m\yw \ÂIpI, an{X IoS§fpsS tXmXv a\Ênem¡nb tijw am{Xw cmk\nb{´W¯n\v GÀs¸SpI, cmk\nb{´Ww AXymhiysa¶v tXm¶p¶]£w a\pjy\v tZmjw sN¿m¯Xpw AhinjvS kz`mhw IpdªXpamb IoS\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¡pI, IoS\min\n {]tbmK¯n\p ap¼v \ÃXpt]mse hnfªXpw GItZiw hnfhmbXpamb ImbvIÄ ]dns¨Sp¡pI. \nÝnX tXmXn am{Xw IoS\min\n X¿mdm¡n Xfn¡pI F¶n§s\bpÅ kwKXnIfn Gsd {i² sNep¯Ww. IoS§fpw \nb{´W amÀ¤§fpw FÃm ImÀjnI hnfIÄ¡psa¶ t]mse ]¨¡dn hnfIÄ¡pw IoS ieyw DWvSmImdpWvSv. F¶m Chbn IoS\min\n {]tbmKw \S¯pt¼mÄ AXoh{i² BhiyamWv IqSpX hnjhocyapÅtXm ZoÀL\mÄ hnjhocyw \n¡p¶tXm Bb IoS\min\nIÄ ]¨¡dn hnfIÄ¡v tbmPn¨XÃ. hfsc AXymhiyamsW¦n am{Xw, ]mIsa¯nb ImbvIÄ apgph³ s]m«ns¨Sp¯tijw, hocyw Ipdª IoS\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¡mw. C¯cw IoS\min\nIÄ {]tbmKn¨v Npcp§nbXv cWvSmgvNsb¦nepw Igntª ASp¯ hnfshSp¡mhp. hn¯v \Spt¼mÄ ImÀt_m^pdm³ AYhm t^mtdäv XcnIÄ CSp¶Xphgn thcp_\v[I \namhncIfpsS hfÀ¨ XSbm³ Ignbpw. am{Xaà \ocqän¡pSn¡p¶ IoS§tfbpw sNSnbpsS BZyL«§fn CXphgn sNdp¡m³ km[n¡pw. ImÀt_m kÄ^m³ F¶ IoS\min\n hn¯n ]pc«m³ A\ptbmPyamWv (Prosses 25 DS). sNSnIfn Ipd¨pImew am{Xw X§n\n¡p¶ HmÀKmt\m t^mkvt^äpIÄ amdn amdn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xp hgn aWvUcnItfbpw \ocqän¡pSn¡p¶ IoS§tfbpw \nb{´n¡mw. C§s\ Xfn¡pt¼mÄ cWvSmgvN apX aq¶mgvNhsc CSthfbn«pthWw Xfn¡m³. aq¯Xpw Hcphn[w ]mIambXpamb ImbvIÄ ]dn¨pamänbXn\p tijw thWw acp¶pXfn \S¯phm³.
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