PINEAPPLE RESEARCH STATION (KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY), VAZHAKULAM, MUVATTUPUZHA
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PINEAPPLE RESEARCH STATION (KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY), VAZHAKULAM, MUVATTUPUZHA
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떬
Ir{Xna hkvXp-sf amn-\nn ssPhoI {]{In-b-I-tfbpw D]---tfbpw Ah-bpsS ]c-kv]c]qc-I-_---tfbpw ASn-m-\--Sp-n-bp Hcp ImjnID]m-Z-\- k-{-Zm-b-amWv ssPh-Ir-jn. Ir{Xnahf--fpw, If--Io-S-tcm-K-\m-in-\n-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-msX ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-eqsS ]q-ambpw ssPh-h-kvXp-sf am{Xw B{i-bnv D¸m-Zn-n--s-Sp kpK--ssX-e- Hu-j-[-kky D¸--ġv cmPym--c-hn-]-Wnbn Unampw hnebpw Gdn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs ASp--Im-e-mbn ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-Iġpw {]nbw hn-p-hcn-I-bm-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-sb-Xs amXr-I-bm-p ssPh-Ir-jnv ]e cq]hpw `mhhpw Ds-nepw {]Ir-Xn-P-\y-h-kvXp- am-{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-q. Cu coXn-bn, {]Ir-Xn-sb-Xs \nc-cw \nco-n-p-Ibpw AXneqsS ]pXn-b- ]m-T- Dsm-p-IbpwsNp-p. an\v -Po-h-\p-sp hniz-kn-p-Ibpw AXns Btcm-Ky-n {]tXyIw {in-p-Ibpw sNp-p. an \nc-cw {]hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p AkwJyw kqva-Po-hn-I-tfbpw ap {]mWn-I-tfbpw Fp hne-sIm-Sppw kwc-n-pIbpw sNp-p. ssPh-Irjn Hcp hnf-bvp-th-nb-, {]Xyp-X, Hcp Irjn-bn-S-n-\p-th-n-bp-Xm-Wv. ans Btcm-Kyhpw ^e-]pjvSnbpw \ne-\nn hnfhv ]c-am-h[n Db \ne-bn Fpw \ne-\np-I-bmWv ]c-a-e-yw. ]pX-bn-S, Bh-c-W-hn-f-I, ]n-e-h-f-, Itm-v, arK-hn-ky-, _tbm-Kymkv dn, Pohm-Wp-h-f-, ssPh-]p\xNw{I-a-Ww apX-em-bh ssPh-Irjn-bnse apJy-L-S-I--fm-Wv. ]mc--tcy-Xc Du t{imX-p-I-fmb Imm-Sn-b-{-, kutcm-]m-\-ep-I, eLp-P-e-ssh-X-]--Xn-I, _tbm-Kymkv apX-em-b-hbpw CXn {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-p. icn-bmb ssPh-Ir-jn kpn-c-Irjnbvv hgn-sbm-cp-p-Ibpw sNpw. kmy-s-Sp- ]W-n-t\-m-tfsd Btcm-Ky-n\v apK-W-\-bp bqtdm-]y- bqWn-b, Atacn-, Pm, ssN\ apX-emb hnI-knXcmPy--fnse `y D]-t`m-m--fpsS CSbnIgn Hcp Zi-I-n-\n-S-bn Ccw `y, ]m\ob D¸--ġv hf-sc-tbsd {]Nmcw Inn-bn-p-v. Ccw cmPy--fn D]-t`m-m-ġv Db ]cn-K-W\ \Inh-cp--Xn-\m ssPh-Irjn sNp-Xpw D¸--fpsS kwkv-c-Ww, hn]-W\w apX-em-b-hbpw Nne {]mY-anI \ne-hm-c-sf ASn-m-\-am-n-bp--Xm-bn-cn--W-sav \njvIjn--n-p-v. Ch-bn {][m-\-s--XmWv ]cn-tim-[-\-Ifpw kmy-s-Sp--epw. ssPh-D¸--sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ch D¸m-Zn-n-n-p-Xv apIqn Xmdm-nbn-p am\-ǽsf B[m-c-am-n-bn-p--Xm-sWv kmy-s-Sp- hy-am-p-p. Cs\ kmy-s-Sp-nb ssPh-D¸-- am{Xta D]-t`m-m- IqSp-Xhne \In hmp-hm Xm]-cyw ImWn-p-I-bp-q.- Xaqew kmy-s-Sp- D¸m-Z-I-cp-tSbpw D]-t`m-m--fp-tSbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. kmy-s-Sp-nb D]--ġv {]tXyIw ap{Z-I \Ip--Xphgn s]sv Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\v km[n-pw. ssPh-Ir-jn-X-Xz- tIc-f-n\p tbmPn ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS hnP-b-n-\mbn {][m-\-ambpw Xmsg ]d-bp XXz- {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv. 1. ]q-amb ap-kw-c--W-\-S-]-Sn-IkzoI-cn-p-I- (tImq_npw Xp-Xn-cn-epw) 2. ag-shw Henv \jvS-s-SmsX an tiJ-cn-m-\p kwhn-[m-\- Dm-p-I (X-p-Xn-cn-epw, Nmep-Io-d-epw, sNdp-Ip-gn-I FSp--epw) 3. CS-hn-f-bm-tbm, Iqp-hn-f-bm-tbm, Bh-c-W-hnf-bm-tbm- ]-b-dp-hK-sN-Sn-I- hfp-I. 4. hnfm-h-in-jvS- an XncnsI \nt-]n-pI 5. an\v Ftmgpw ssPh-h-kvXp-sImp ]pX-bn-S \S-pI. 6. ssdtkm-_n-bw, Ak-tm-_m-IvS, Atkmkvss]-dn-w, t^mkvt^m-_m-IvS XpS-nb Pohm-Wp- tNp-I 7. IoS-tcm-K-\n-b-{-W-n\v kky-P-\y-amb hkvXp- am{Xw (th-n-e-k-v, thnIpcp-k-v, ths Caj, ]pI-bneIjmbw XpS-n-b-h) D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. 8. shpw, Inf-bpw, Dghpw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bvp-I. hnn-Sm\pw Ip-\-Sp-hm\pw D ew am{Xw Cf-pI. 9. If-I ]ngpXpw tImXnbpw hf-ambn tNp-I. ]d-ns AXn-cn hfp sNSn-Ifn\n-p ssPh-h-kvXp- hf-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. 10. an-c Itm-v, km[m-cW Itm-v, NmWIw,tIm-gn-h-fw, ]nm-p-I XpSn Fmhn[ssPh hf-fpw tiJ-cnv kwcnv Irjn-bn-S-n tNp-I. ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS ta]-d XXz--sfmw IrXy-ambn ]men-m \me-p-hjwsImv cmknI Irjn-co-Xn-bn\npw ssPh-Irjn-co-Xn-bn-tev hnf \jvSw-Iq-SmsX Nph-Sp-am-m Ign-bp-sav tIcf Imjn-I- k-I-em-im-e-bn \S-nb ]co--W- sXfn-bn-n-p-v. Fm s]mm-jv hfw IqSp-X thn-h-cp Ing-p-h-, kpK-a-km-e- hn-f-I XpS-n-b-hbvv Bh-iy-amb tXmXn Nmctam s]mmjv cmk-h-f-tam -A-[n-I-ambn tNmam{Xta D¸m-Z-\--aX \ne-\nm-\m-hq. D¸--n cpNnbpw kqn-p-Kp-Whpw \ne-\nm\pw CXm-h-iy-am-Wv. cmkn-I-Ir-jnbn\npw ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-tev Nph-Sp-amw \S-p-tm cmk-h-f--fpsS D]-tbmKw {Iaambn Ipd-p-sIm-p-hv \me-p-hjw- sImv ]q-ambn Hgn-hm-mw. hnf-Isf _m[n-p tcmK--Io-S-sf kky-P-\y-h-kvXp-sIm-pam{Xw Ftmgpw \nb-{n-m Ign-b-W-sa-n. hnf-hns ]q]cm-Pbw Hgn-hm-m AXym-hiy k`--fn IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw Ipan\m-in-\n-Ifpw Xfn-t-n-h-cpw. Fm k-I-em-ime ip]mi sNp Af-hnepw Bhn-bnepw am{Xta BIm-hq. av \m-hm, \ an\npw \mbn hnf-bn-m, Pohm-Wp-h-f--fpw, ssPh-h-f-fpw, cmk-h-f-fpw H-bvpw, Hcpanpw kwtbm-Pn-X-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-I-bmWv Ghpw A`n-Im-ayw. Pohm-Wp-hf- amWv kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS {][m\ Bhm-k--tI-{w. _mIvSo-cn-b, Ipan-fp-I Fo hn`m-K--fnsSp kqva-Po-hn-I-sf-bmWv Pohm-Wp-h-f--fn D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Pohm-Wp-h-f--fn F. ]n. sI. aqe-I- Imcyambn Dm-hn-. AXn-ep-Xv A-co--nse ss\{S-P-t\tbm anse Ddp \jvS-s t^mkv^-d-kn-t\tbm sNSnp hen-s-Sp-phm ]mI-n hf-ambn amm Ign-hp kqva-Po-hn-Ifpw Ah Poh-t\m-sS-bn-cn-m\p kml-Ncyw Hcp-p Icnbpw ap amy-a-h-kvXp-fpw am{X-am-Wv. hn]-Wn-bn-ep Pohm-Wp-h-f--fn ImWp {][m-\ -kq-va-Po-hn-I-fpsS t]cp-Ifpw Ah kwt-jWwsNp kky-t]m-j-I-aq-e-Ihpw Hcm-psImv F{X t]mjIw an hn-n-psapw Xmsg ]n-I-bn sImSp-n-cn-p-p.
Pohm-Wp-h-f- hgn ss\{S-P-tbpw t^mkv^-d-kn-tbpw Afhpw e`y-Xbpw hn-n-m-sa-nepw s]mm-jns A`mhw Xom Ign-bn-. Nmc-tam, s]mmjv hftam tNv CXv ]cn-l-cn-mw. Pohm-Wp-h-fw sNSn-Iġv t\cnv t]mj-I- \Ip--X-m--Xn-\m AX-Xp hn-f-Iġv ip]mi sNbvXn-p ssPh--cm-kh-f- IqSn tNmte ]c-am-h[n hnfhp e`n-q. cmk-h-f--tfm-sSmw Pohm-Wp-h-f- Hcn-epw tN-cp-Xv. cmk-h-f- tNp--Xn\v 15 Znhkw aptm, ]ntm BWv Pohm-Wp-h-f- tNt--Xv. Pohm-Wp-h-f- tNp ans AX Ipmbw tNv Iao-I-cnv \yq{S (pH 6.5-7.5) B-Ww. am{X-a-, an Ftmgpw \ Cuhpw thWw. Pohm-Wp-h-f-m-bv-n tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p Ime-]-cn-[nbvp-n Ah -D-]-tbm-Kn--Ww. anc Itmv an-c-bpsS hnkPy ]Zm-, ap, Ipp- Agp-In-sm-Sn ssPh-]-Zm- apX-em-bh AS-n-b-XmWv anc Itmv. km[m-cW Itm-n AS-n-bn-cn-p {][m\ t]mj-I-L-S-I--fmb ]mIy-P-\-Iw, `mhlw, mcw Fnh GI-tZiw aqn-cn Afhn sNSn-Iġv s]sv e`n----hn-[-n an-c-I-tm-n AS-n-bn-p-v. anc-I-tmv sNSn-Iġv tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-in \Ip-Ibpw s]sv hf-cp--Xn\v klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNpw. Cu Itm-n\v mcKpW-ap--Xn\m tIc-f-nse ]pfn-c-k-ap an D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm ans ]pfn-ckw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNSn-Iġv hfw thK-n hen-s-Sp-p--Xn\v klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNpw. imkv{Xo-b- co-Xn-bn p an-c-I-tm-n\v bmsXmcp ZpK-hp-an-. Smv \nm-Ww, an-c-Isf sXc-s-Sp-, ssPh--]-Zm- Xm-dm-, anc-\n-t-]w, an-cbvv `Ww \I, Cuw \ne-\n-, an-c-I-tmv tiJ-cnbv apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv imkv{Xob ancItmv \nmWnse \S-]-Sn-{I-a-. Smv, 10 sk. ao. I\-ap tlmtfm-{_nIvkv sImv \nn-mw. Smns \ofhpw hoXnbpw Np-N-h-dp-I-fpsS e`y-X-b-\p-k-cnv Xocpam-\n-mw. Ddpv Smn Ib-dm-Xn-cn-m Smn-\p-Nppw 2.5 sk. ao. Bg-nepw hoXn-bnepw Hcp Nmep-mn shw sIn-\n-Ww. Fen, s]cp-m-gn,- ap-X-em-b-h-bpsS D]-{Zhw XS-bm-\mbn Smns apI`m-Kv FSp-p-am-m-hp Inhes{^bnw Dd-nv hbv-Ww. Smn hogp A[nIw Pew hmp-t]m-Ip--Xn-\mbn kuI-cyap-m--Ww. Smn-\p-ap-I-fn agbpw shbn-epta¡msX Iqcbpw thWw. an-c-I ]e-X-c-ap-v. Np-N-h-dp-I [mcmfw `n-p--hbpw, NhIq-m-c-ns apI`m-Kv hkn-p--hbpw, [mcmfw Ipp-sf D¸m-Zn-n-m Ign-bp--h-bp-amb anc-Isf sXsc-s-Sp--Ww. Nph an-c (sFko-\nb s^n-U), B{^n- ss\v {Iuf (bq-{Un-ekv bqPo-\n-tb) Fn-h-bm-Wp--aw. ancsb hmp-tm IqsS Ipdv ]pXnb ancItm-p-IqSn hmn ]pXn-b-Xmbn XpS-p an-c-I-tmv Smn-en-m hfsc \-Xm-Wv. ]pXn-b- a-n-c-I-tm-kvn [mcmfw ap-Ifpw Ipp-fpw ImWpw. Agp-Inb ]Zm- am{Xta anc `-W-ambn kzoI-cn-p-I-bpq F-Xn-\m GXv `-W-km-[-\hpw an-cbvv `-W-ambn \Ip--Xn-\p-apv Ipd-s-nepw Agp-Ip--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn--Ww. km[m-cW Np-N-h-dp-I Ah-bpsS `mc-ns 10% NmW-I-hpambn Iqn--en \\v XW-en 15-20 Znhkw Iqn-bn-S-Ww. Smn-\-Iv 15 sk. ao. I\-n km[m-c-W- I-tmtm, DW-n-sm-Sn NmW-I-smSn \hw \\-tXm hnX-d-Ww. ]-m-WIw 10 sk.ao. I\-nepw 15 sk. ao. hoXn-bnepw CSWw. C{]-Imcw CSp NmW-I--W-I 30 sk. ao. AI-e-n-em-bn-cn--Ww. AXn-\p-tijw ]pXnb an-c-I-tmpw an-c-Ifpw hnXdn, shw Xfnv Cuw \ne-\nm-\mbn \\ Nmtm mnIv jotmsImp- aq-Sn-bn-S-Ww. Smn \nt-]n ]-mWIw Iptds Xnp-Xp-S-p-tm t\cs Xm-dm-n-bn-p Np-N-h-dp-I Iptds an-cbvv `-W-ambn \In-p-S-mw. `Ww \Ip-tm 10-15 sk. ao. I\-n IqSp-X Smn-\-I--n-S-cpXv. Smns\ Ggp `mK-ambn `mKnv `-W-]-Zm- Hmtcm -Zn-h-khpw Hmtcm `mKv \nt-]n-m \m-bn-cn-pw. Hcp Intem{Kmw an-csb \nt-]n-n-p- Smn Znh-khpw 500 {Kmw `W ]Zm- \nt-]n--Ww. an-cbpsS Fw Znh-kw- I-gn-bp-tmdpw IqSp--Xn-\m `-W-ns Afhpw Iqm Ign-bpw. Hcp NXp-c-{i-ao- -ev Znh-khpw 5 Intem{Kmw `-Ww-hsc \nt-]n-m Ign-bpw. Bbncw anc Hcp hjw-sIm v Hp-cpe-ambn hn-pw. CX-\p-k-cnv Smn ancbvv Blmcw \Ip-Xv {Iao-I-cn--Ww. Cu-ns tXmX-\p-k-cnv an-c-bpsS hwi-h-\hpw `-W-{I-ahpw amdpw. Smn 85% Cuw \ne-\n-Ww. Cuw \ne-\nm-\p Ffp--amw \\ Nmp-sImv Smv Ftmgpw aqSn-bn-SpI F-Xm-Wv. Nmn-\pap-I-fn IqsS-IqsS shw Xfn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw thWw. Bh-iy-sa-n 15-20 Znhkw Ign-m-ep-S an-c--tmv tiJ-cn-m XpS-mw. Hcn- tiJ-cn-p-Xp-S-n-bm BgvN-bn-sem-cn- Itm-v, Smn\n-s-Spv Irjn-p-]-tbm-Kn-mw. Smv \ndv Ign-m `Ww \Ip-Xpw shw Xfn-p-Xpw 56 Znh-k-tv \ndp-n-sh-bv-Ww. Smv aqSnb Nmpw mnIv jopw amn-bn-S-Ww. Itmkvv Ipd-p-W-m A\p-h-Zn--Ww. Smns ay`m-Kv \of-n NmWIw In-bmbn Ie-n-sbm-gn--Ww. aqp-- \m-ep- Zn-h-k-n-\Iw an-c-bn 80-90% hpw NmW-I-p-g-n hp tNcpw. Atm NmWI-p-g--Sw Ahsb hmcn-sb-Sp--Ww. ASp--Xmbn Smnse apgp-h Itmpw hmcn shbn sIm---hw knap-X-d-bntem mnIv jontem sNdnb Iq\-I-fmbn shbv-Ww. aqp-\m-ep-a-Wn-q Ign-bp-tm Iq\-bpsS ASn-`m-Kv an-c-I Hn-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-m XpS-pw. Iq\-bpsS apI `mK-v\nv Itmv Iptds Iptd-s-bm-bn- am--Ww. HSp-hn Itmp-Iq-\-bpsS ASn-`m-K-p-\nv an-c-Isf tiJcn-mw. Chsb hopw Smn \n-t-]nv Itm-p]m-Z\w XpS-cmw. an-c-I-tmn\nv Cuw \jvS-s-Sm-Xn-cn-m mnIv Nmp-I-fn tiJ-cnv XW-ep kqn--Ww. Hcp L\-ao- e-p-\nv 70-80 Intem{Kmw an-c-I-tm-p¸m-Zn-n-mw. anc--tm-p-\nm-W-n-eqsS \psS hop-h-f-nse Jc-am-en-\y- Cs\ \ ssPh-h-famn ammsa-Xn-t\m-sSmw ]cn-k-c-ip-No-Ic-Whpw Dd-m-m Ign-bpw. NIn-cn- I-tmv Ibhy-h-km-b-ns Hcp Ah-in-jvS-hkvXp-hmWv NIn-cn-tm-dv. Hcp S Ib\m-cp¸m-Zn-n-p-tm AtXm-sSmw GI-tZiw cv S NIn-cn-tmdpw D¸m-Zn-n--s-Sp-p-v. NIn-cntmdv t\cnv Irjn-p-]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv A{XKpW-I-c-a-. Imc-Ww, Ah t\cnv {]tbm-Kn-p-Xv an-ep kqvam-Wp-Po-hn-Isf {]Xn-Iqe-ambn _m[n-pw. Sm\n (8-12%) AS-n-bn-p Agp-In-t-cm NIn-cn-tmdv sNSn-I-fp-tSbpw kqvam-Wp-Po-hn-I-fp-tSbpw hfsb kmc-ambn _m[n-p-Ibpw an-ep ]mIy-P-\Iw sNSnv hen-s-Sp-m ]m cq]-n-em-p-Ibpw sNpw. NIn-cn-tm-dns\ Itm-mn CXp ]cnl-cn-mw. Itm-m-p--Xp-hgn sNSn-I-ġv tZmj-I-c-am-bn-p ^ot\m AS-nb ]e LSI--tfbpw \nho-cy-am-p-hm km[n-p-p. hym]vXn Ipd-bp--Xp-Iq-SmsX CXn-e-S-n-bn-cn-p sNSn-Iġm-h-iy-amb t]mj-I-aq-ey- Chv hen-s-Sp-m ]p cq]-n-emn amp-Ibpw sNpw. qtdm-kv ktPmImPp F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp Hcp Nnn-q-Wns kvt]mdp-I-fmWv NIn-cn--tm-p-m-m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Ipn-I-fn-em-nb Cu Iqhnv tIcf Imjn-I -k-I-em-im-e-bn\nv e`y-am-Wv. GI-tZiw 5 ao. \ofhpw 3 ao hoXn-bpap \nc-mb ev 100 Intem{Kmw NIn-cntmdv Htc I\-n \nc--Ww. CXn\v apIfn hopw 100 Intem{Kmw NIn-cn-tmdv \nc-nb tijw Hcp Intem{Kmw bqdnb hnX-d-Ww. bqdnb tNp--Xp-hgn Ipan-fns {]h\w Xzcn-X-s-Sp-Ibpw NIn-cn-tmdv s]sv Itm--mhp-Ibpw sNp-p. Hcp ao s]mw hcp--Xphsc CtX-t]mse NIn-cn-tmdpw Iqhnpw bqdn-bmbpw {Ia-n \nc--Ww. Pemwiw \ne-\nm-\mbn CS-bvnsS shw Xfn-p-sIm-Sp--Ww. Hcp S NIn-cn-tmdv Itm-m-m GI-tZiw 5 Ipn Iq hnpw 5 Intem{Kmw bqdn-bmbpw thWw. ap-Xp-Zn-hkw Ign-m Cu an{inXw Idp \nd-n-ep Hcp I-bmbn 50% hym]vXn Ipd-bp-p. NIn-cn--tm-n ]mIy-P-\-Iw, `mh-lw, mcw Fnh Sn\v 4.42, 0.71, 1.02 Intem{Kmw F {Ia-n AS-n-bn-p-v. C-s\-bp-m-p NIncnItmv kkyh-fsb t]mjn-n-p--Xn-ep-]cn ans Pekw-`-c-W-tijn hn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. ssPhoI IoS\nb-{Ww IoS-\n-b-{-W-n-\mbn ssPhoI am- ]p-Imew apX¡p-Xs {]tbm-Kn-n-cp-p. ]cn-n-Xn--\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy- krjvSnv IoS-\n-b-{Ww kmy-am-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. IoS-\m-in-\n-I IoSs am{X-a. Ah-bpsS {]IrXn i{Xp--tfbpw Daq-e\w sNp--h-bm-bn-cp-p. CtX-Xp-Sp-mb A-co--a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf sNdpv Pohn-m {]m]vXn-bp IoS--fpsS Bhn`m-hw, Nne A{]-[m-\-Io-S-- amc-I-Io-S--fmbn {]Xy--s-Xv Fn-s\ ]e Imc-W-fpw ssPhoI \nb-{-W-am- Ahew-_n-t--Xns Bh-iy-I-X-bn-tev hnc Nqpp. ssPho-I-\n-b-{-W-am--fn ]cm-Z-fpw, ]c-`-n-Ifpw tcmKm-Wp-fpw kp{]-[m\ ]p hln-p-p. ssPh IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw kkyP\y--fmb IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw Cv {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-n-ep-v. Nne-bn\w CS-hn-f-Ifpw, ]cm-Z--fpsS hfsb t{]mkm-ln-n-p-p. Chsbmw Hn-W-nb Hcp kwtbm-PnX IoS-\n-b-{-W-am-bn-cnpw H-s \nb-{-W-am--sf-m D-a-sa-p-am-{X-a-, IqSp-X ^e-hpw ZoL-Ime {]tbm-P\w \Ip--Xp-am-bn-cn-pw. ssPho-I -tcmK \nb-{Ww an ImWp ]e Ipan-fp-Ifpw kqvam-Wp-fpw tcmK-tl-Xp--fmb Ipan-fp-Isf \in-n-p-hm Ign-hp--Xm-Wv. Cu hn`m-K-n hfsc {]m[m-\y-aln-p--h-bmWv ss{StmsUa C\-ns] Ipan-fp-I. Cu an{X Ipanfp-I tcmK-tl-Xp--fmb Ipan-fp-Isf hcn-p-Npn Blm-c-am-nbpw ]c-kv]c ak-c-n-eqsS i{Xp-Ip-an sNSn-p-n Ib-dp-Xns\ XS-pw, ssPh hnjmw-iw, Fsskw XpS-n-bh D¸m-Zn-npw tcmK--fn\npw hnf-Isf kwc-n-p-p. IqSmsX ss{Stm-sUa D¸m-Zn-n-p Nne tlmtam-Wp-I sNSn-bpsS hfpw hnfhp hn-n-p--Xn\pw klmbn-p-p-v. an ssPh-h-kvXp--fpsS Agp-I {]{In-b-tbbpw ss{Stm-sUa klm-bn-p-p. ss^tm-^vtm-d, ]nnbw apX-emb h-ns Ipan-fp-Iaq-e-ap-m-Ip hmw, Agp-I apX-em-b tcmK-ġv ss{Stm-sUa Gsd ^e-{]-Z-am-Wv. tIcf ImjnI k-I-em-im-e-bn\npw ]m-n Inp ss{Stm-sUa Ipan ssPh-h-f-hp-ambn tNp-]-tbm-Kn--Ww. ssPh-hfw Ch-bpsS hf-tbbpw {]h-\-tbpw Dt-Pn-n-p-hm klm-bn-p-p. DW-n-sm-Sn NmW-Ihpw s]mSn thn]nmpw tNp an{inXw ss{Stm-sUabpsS hfv hfsc tbmPn--Xm-Wv. 90 Intem{Kmw NmW-I-sm-Snbpw 10 Intem{Kmw thn ]nmpw \mbn Iqn--en-btijw 12 Intem{Kmw ss{Stm-sUa Ipan hnX-d-Ww. Ipg-p-t]m-Im ]cp-h-n\v shw Xfnv (25-30%) an{inXw \mbn Cf-p-I. an{inXw 30 sk. ao. Db-c-n Iq\-bm-n-b-tijw \\ Nmtm, ]{X--S-emtkm sImp aqSp-I. Hcm-gvN-p-tijw an{inXw hopw Cf-n-tv Ap-Zn-h-kw-Iq-Sn-I-gnv km[m-cW ssPh-hfw t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-mw. cmk-h-fhpw Ipan\m-in-\n-tbm-Sp-samw ss{Stm-sUa D]-tbm-Kn--cp-Xv. ss{StmsUa tNv 15 Znh-k-n\v aptm ]ntm thWw Ch D]-tbm-Kn-m. hocy-ap-Xpw an-\-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xp-amb ss{Stm-sUa Imemh[n Xocp--Xn-\p-apv ssPh-h-f-tm-sSmw D]-tbm-Kn--Ww. an ssPh-h-f-tm-sSmw \Ip ss{Stm-sUa, sNSn-bpsS Nph-n-ep tcmKtl-Xp--fmb Ipan-fp-Isf \in-n-p-sa-nepw sNSn-Iġp-n IS-p-Iq-Sn-bn-p Ipan-fp-Isf \in-n-p-hm-\p Ign-hn-. ss{Stm-sUabpsS {]h\w _mly-am-b-Xn-\m tcmKm-{I-aWw Dm-bn--gn-m Ch-bpsS {]tbm-Kw Imcy-amb kwc-Ww \Ip-I-bn-. tcmKw hcm-Xn-cn-m-\mWv CXv Ghpw ^e-{]-Zw. ss{StmsUa- bpsS {]h\w an thcn\p Nppambn HXp-n-\n¡p-p. ssatm-dnk F kqvam-Wp- sNSn-I-fpsS hfbpw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-i-nbpw hn-n-pw. ss{Stm-sUa, ssatm-dnk, kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv Fo kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS kwtbm-PnX {]tbmKw kpK--ssX-e-a-cp-p-sNSn- I-fn km[y-am-p--Xn-eqsS kky-sf B-co-Ihpw _mly-hp-ambn _m[n-p tcmK-sf sNdp-p--Xn\v Ign-bpw. kpn-c-Ir-jnbpsS ASn-m\w ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-I-fm-Wv. ssPhIr-jn-bn cmk-h-kvXp-ġv ]Icw ssPh-h-kvXp-fpw ssPho-I-amb am-fpw hnf-Iġv t]mj-Ihpw tcmK--fn\npw IoS--fn\npw kwc--Whpw \Im D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p. Imjn-I-cm-k-h-kvXp-sIm-p-t-in-p-Xv cmk-h-f, IoS-\m-in-\n-I, Ipan\m-in-\n-I, If-\m-in-\n-I XpS-n-b-hbm-Wv. Ch-bp-sS-sb-mw -D-]-tbmKw H-b-Snv \nn ssPh-co-Xn-I-fn-tev Nph-Sp-am-msX ]Sn-]-Sn-bm-bp Hcp am-amWv Ftmgpw A`n-Im-ayw. Irjn-bpsS GXp-L--nepw hnf-bpsS kz`mhhpw D]-tbm-Kn-t-- co-Xn-I-fpsS KpW-tZm-j-^-e-fpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Fm \ coXn-Ifpw Dsm-n-p-sIm-p Hcp ka-{K--kwtbm-Pn-X--k-ao-Ir-X--k-p-enX Irjn-co-Xn-bm-bncnpw Gsd ^e-{]-Zhpw kpn-chpw. C{]-Im-capIrjn-co-Xn-bn-eqsS an-ep-m-Ip tZmjh-i-fpw ]cn-kv-YnXn {]iv\-fpw Hgn-hm-m km[n-p--tXm-sSmw hnj-hn-ap--amb apnb KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap Imjn-tIm¸-- Db tXmXn D¸m-Zn-n-m\pw Ign-bp-p. IqSmsX Ib-p-aXn {]m[m-\y-ap kpK--ssXe- a-cp-p-sN-Sn-I-fn KpW-\n-e-hmcw hn-nv hntZ-i-hn-]Wn ]nSn-s-Sp-p-hm\pw km[n-pw.
떬 劷
宬 幝먼 宫 䯊 幝. 떬 . 떬 : 欣 晽챩 䌽챩 돳 . 떬 . 宫 , 䪊 劷 . 䬭 励왩 왩 ң 糹 졭 캤 嫣 . 䮝 𖣊, 䬰, 白 䣨諊 Ӷ 諊 犩 동 䌊晽 쬌 犩 . 떬 䴮 糊, 챩 媊챩 諸 떬 챩 챩 卙 䮊. 떬 媊왩 励왩 ȣ ՙ. 励 媊 励 떬繷 뤪犩 먾ՙ犩 . 寴 떬䬭 . 䡣 먾ՙ 嫣 졭动 届 犷 . , , 繷, 嫬뾙劷, Ҭ 䩬 届篪 . 쪹 䬭䩬 嬪. 1. - 졭动 䱬, 2. - , , , 䩬 3. 繷- , 嫹, , 䩬 4. 嫬뾙劷- 뛩, , , թ 5. Ҭ- , , , 檊 䩬 犱 嬪 届 50- 60 嬯 쭮 쏴 - 諊 . 떬 䴮 塌 . 䶹 喩 . 졭 200 嬯 䮊 Ͱ . 䮊 쫹 . 동劷 몹糾 䮊 ՙ. 届 , , 떬, , 䖣ՙ 동劷 䭯 崬. 묙 쭮 캤 떬 . 떬䬭 媊왩 励왩 ȣ 届䬭 - 諊 . 離쭮 몹糾 쯏 届 諸 . 籱 䮊 䡣뾫 糩 . 쯏 糩 糾 䖣ՙ . 励 媊 쫩 峽 쬪犷 첩 犩 䮊 䡣 犩 . 떬 噽 犱 . 䣬 喩 励 Ȫ 떬 媨 . 䮊 犷 떬 . 劷 届 䮊 劷 . 䯊 떬 婩 犷 . 䪨 励 , 䩣, 䩣 䩣, 婶 䩣, , 嬩 䩣. 䙊 떬 . 䩝 볛 劷 嬯 嬯 ڼ 嬯 絤 犩 Ȩ. 동励 쬌 쨶ճ 䩣 15 30 嬯 . 쯏 Ȫ 䯰劷 励 . 쯏 幝. 150 ݴ 묱 50 䝊 쏴 䩣 劷 쏴 嬯 쭮 쯏 동劷 . 劷 동励 . 1
2
晣ϝ յ, յ, յ, 쬪, , 婵 晽 晣ϝ 䴌 幝. I. 䴮 只糊 1. 동 䌽 돩 繱 ϝ 䩊. 䌽 . 2. 婵 , 쬪 幝. 3. ϝ Ž ģ峨 늝劷 빝 . 4. Ž 챩 䩊. II. 晬労 䩣劷 A. 䩣 (i) 5 10 ݴ 쏴 5 . 쏴 䩣 200 . 묱 쏴 䩝 몛 ՙ. (ii) 동励왩 왩 労. . a. 犱 励 :- 䙊, 䩬. b. 동励 :- , 䬝, c. :- , 䴬, d. :- 䶨. e. 窯 犷 :- 嵊, 媹, , ȹ. 犱 동励왩 왩 犷 . 嶹 묳籬 晽 . 届 晽 糩. 晽 Ȫ 䩣劷 届 . 晽 犱 䩣劷 䩣嫊 犩 晽 劷 䩊. 목 糩 䰏 . 䩣 晽 Ŋ ״ 晽 糩. 䰪 . ) 䴬 ڼ 浪, ڼ , ڼ , ڼ , 뾙 () / ) 犷 , 500 , 250 , 1-2 , 250 (岽), 1 , ķ . 쨶ճ 犷 . 1. 돳 쏴 动 뾙. 犷 쏴. 쫩 12 ݴ , 3 ݴ 䝊 쏴. 7 10 嬯 . 癴 䩣 쫩 ķ 쏴 12 . 䩣 10 䣨 죴 (1 ݴ 10 ݴ ) 챩 晽챩 . 2. 崹 쨶ճ 왩 ީ 15 . 2 3 죪 돳 . 뾙 䩣 1 ķ 쏴 쭮 12 . 䩣 ݴ 동劷 . 3. 䩣劷 (i) ϝ 100 ȩ , 1 䙊 , , 500 , , , 䴬 䩬 쏴 . 犩 10 ݴ 12 . 䩣 쨶ճ 쏴 嬯 . 笳 100-120 ݴ . 쭮 . (II) գ a. 謱 20-25 뱙 ݴ 몙. 쫹 ķ 쏴 12 . ݴ 10 ݴ 䩣 10 ݴ 쏴 գ . b. ݴ 12 . 5 ݴ 䩣 100 ݴ 쏴 . (III) ϝ 犷 嬯 . 1. 2 무 ݴ . Ϫ Ȩ. 2. 뾙 , 돳 쫹 15 ݴ 쏴 2-3 . 졭 5 . 䩣 . 70-80 .. 䩣 ݴ 쏴 . (IV) 쬪 ϝ 1) 500 ȩ ݴ 쏴 12 . ݴ 䩣 10 . 쏴 동 . 2) 10 . . . 쏴 동 . (V) ϝ 5 嵤, 5 , 5 ڼ 籯, 5 쫩 50 . 쏴 8 10 嬯 . 䩣 嬯并 . 1 . 䩣 10 ݴ 동 2-3 ݴ ȹ . 쬪 . 䌣ϝ 䴌 () 䌽 䛴 , 1 150 䝊 Σ 동 2.5 . . 䫬 橫 . 䌽 동 . 3-5 , , 뾙, 댵 嬩 . 䩣 뾙 쫩 ķ 쏴 12 . 쭮 250- 500 賯 돪6 . 1 ݴ 䩣 10 . 쏴 . 쨶 . () 묳 䌽 묳 䌽 동劷 . 晽 묳 䌽 䣬䰊. 絤 동励 晽 묳 . (). ϝ. 噽 犷, 犷 幫 幪. ~ 磴 繷 噽 .
떬犱
䩣 ݴ , 䝊, 250 , 10 ݴ 嬩 繷 䝊 쫩 쏴. 嬯 . 졭 12-13 ݴ 볛. ݴ 10 ݴ 죴 . ڼ 쯏 20-30 ݴ . 䪝 죴 䩣 죪 届 幪. 𖣊 동劷 . 晬労 .
ӽ , , 䝊, , 嬩 ת . 䝊, ݴ , ݴ , ݴ , 500 . . , , , ݴ , 10-12 謵, ݴ 嬩 繷 䝊 쏴 嬯 . 嬯뫼 精 繝. 嬯 Ũ , , 쨶ճ 쏪笊 쏴 犱 . 嬯 䬭먼 . 犩 励 ȣ 睨 . 15 嬯 16 - 嬯 . . . 䪝 䩣 犩라 쏴 繝. 届䬭 䮊 励 . 届 䮝 ϝ . 200 . . 10 . 죴 . ڼ 5-10 ݴ 쯏 . 1. 동励 ՙ. 2. 諊 糬 . 3. 労 . 4. 동劷 쭮 .
䴫䩣 10 슪, 5 . 嬩 쏪笊 슪 媊멙 쭋 쫩 ܬ ͭ 5 ݳ멙. 7 - 嬯 . ݴ 10 ݴ 죴 .
䩣 , 5 ݴ 쏪笊. 쏴 5 ݴ 䩣 . 쫩 5 ݴ 쏴. 7 10 嬯 笡. 쨶ճ 1 ݴ 10 ݴ 죴 . 1. 妳 䬭 ՙ. 2. 労 . 3. 届 䌽 . 4. .
䩣 ڼ 졭 䫊 劯뾙 䩣. 떬 䬭 洝 . Σ . 200 ݴ 籱 , 嬩 䩣 ȩ 䩣 笙 , 튪 抪幝. Ψ 幝. 75 ݴ , 75 ݴ ڼ 50 䝊, 100 ݴ 묱, 100 륳 2-3 ݴ 嬩 쏪笊. 쨶ճĬ . 죪 抪 200 ݴ . 35 ݴ 100 , 3 , 250 . . 빝, 20 ݴ 嬯 . 빝 15 . 200 ݴ 쨶ճ 쫩 . 籱 쫭 峾幝. 먼 쏴 䢨. 笡. 쬌 . 婶 䩣 . 䩣 묱 죴䊩 崌 嶊 쬌 쭋. 돳 䝊 婶 䩣 쏴 7 嬯 . 쫩 (. .) 쬌 쏴. 쯏 励 . 1 . 䩣 4 . 죴 . ڼ 500 , 50 䛴, 500 뤯 먯 , 200 . 䩣 쏴 24 쯏 쪹 ȹ . 劷 䮝. 劷 쬌 떬 뱩 届 䮊 .
嬩 쏪笊. 돳 쏴 . 10 嬯 励 . .. 쨶ճ 䩣 . 동劷 . ڼ ݴ . 동 쬌. 䖣 .
7 10- 15 돳䪽 ,250 嬩 쏪笊 劷 劯뾙 . 동励 䖣ՙ 白. Ŋ 笣 ȹ 䪽 10 嬯 . 쭮 Ŋ 䩣 뾙. 쫹 䩣 쏴 嬯 . 䩣 . .. 䩣 . . 동 쬌 .
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