Pineapple | Passion fruit

]mj³ {^q«v (Passion fruit)

]mj³ {^q«nsâ {]m[m\yw F´mWv?

s]mffp¶ shbne¯v bm{X sNbvXp hcp¶ HcmÄ¡v \¶mbn ]gp¯ Hcp ]mj³ {^q«nsâ Imbv sR«n Xpc¶v Hcp \pffp ]©kmcbpw tNÀ¯p sImSp¯p t\m¡q... \mhns\ {Xkn¸n¡p¶ B a[pchpw icoc¯n\msI IpfnÀ½ ]Icp¶ XWp¸pw C{Xam{Xw DffnsemXp¡nb Hcp ]gw asäm¶nà F¶p ]dbmw. bmsXmcp sshjayhpanÃmsX FhnsSbpw A\mbmkw ]SÀ¶p Ibdp¶ Cu hffns¨Snbn kok¬ Bbn¡gnªm \ndsb ImbvIÄ ]nSn¡pw. Htcm Imbpw ioXf I\nbmWv. Imbv ]©kmc tNÀ¯p Ign¡mw. AXpasæn kzmZnjvTamb ]m\obw X¿mdm¡n Ign¨v £oWw AIämw  Cu hffns¨Sn Hsc®w \½psS ho«phf¸nepaps­¦ntem? th\ NqSv AIäm³ {^q«ntbm aäp Ir{Xna ]m\ob§tfm tXSn t]mtI­XnÃ.   

]mj³ {^q«nsâ {]tXyIXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

]mÀ¨, {K\mUnÃ, acmçb, kos_ apXemb t]êIfn hnhn[ cmPy§fn Adnbs¸Sp¶ ]mj³ {^q«v NncØmbnbmb Hê hÅn sNSnbmWv. hfsc thK¯n hfê¶Xpw, a®nsâ D]cnXe¯n thêÅXpw Bb Cu hÅnsNSn AhbpsS sS³{SnepIÄ D]tbmKn¨v FhntSbpw ]än¸nSn¨p Ibdphm³ IgnhpÅhbmWv. hnhn[ hÀ®§fnepÅ CXnsâ ]pjv]§Ä Bscbpw BIÀjnç¶Xpw GXp ]qt´m«¯nëw AëtbmPyhpamWv.

      ]mj³ {^q«n [mcmfw PohI§Ä AS§nbn«p­v. {]tXyIn¨v PohIw F. bpw, PohIw kn. bpw. ]mj³ {^q«v kvIzmjv ]t­ {]kn²amWv. CXv IqSmsX Im³Un, ]©v, P}kv, sFkv{Iow, kÀ_¯v XpS§n \nch[n kzmZnjvTamb DXv]¶§Ä¡p thWvSn ]mj³{^q«v D]tbmKn¡mw. 

{][m\ambpw aq¶n\§fmWv \½psS \m«n I­phê¶Xv; Nph¸v, aª, BImishÅcn F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶ henb C\amb Pbnâv. ]mj³ {^q«v P}kn [mcmfw [mXpehW§fpw, hnämanëIfpw AS§nbncnçì. IqSmsX \à êNnbpw, aWhpw, Huj[ KpW§fpw CXnë­v.

]mj³ {^q«v IrjnbpsS C¶s¯ ØnXn F´mWv?

DjvW taJe cmPy§fmb Hmkvt{Senb, lhmbv, ku¯v B{^n¡, {_ko apXemb cmPy§fn ]mj³ {^q«v [mcmfambn I­phêì. 90% DÂ]mZ\hpw {_koen \n¶mWv. s]dp, sh\nkpe, ku¯v B{^n¡, {ioe¦, Hmkvt{Senb apXembhbmWv aäv {][m\ DÂ]mZ\ cmPy§Ä. {_koensâ ]mj³ {^q«v hmÀjnI DÂ]mZ\w 5 e£w S¬ hêw. Hê slÎdn \nìw GItZiw 14 S¬ ]mj³ {^q«v ChnsS DÂ]mZn¸nçì. C´ybn ]mj³ {^q«v DÂ]mZ\¯nsâ 80% þpw hSç Ing¡³ kwØm\§fnemWv \Sç¶Xv. hb\mSv, æSIvv, \oeKncn F¶nhnS§fn ]mj³{^q«v hym]Iambn hfÀ¯p¶p­v. Irjn hIp¸nsâ Iogn ]me¡mSv PnÃbnse s\Ãnbm¼Xnbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Hmd©v B³Uv shPnä_nÄ ^manÂ, AhnsS¯s¶ hfcp¶ ]mj³{^q«v D]tbmKn¨v  kvIzmjv \nÀ½n¡p¶p­vv.  CXv  CXnt\mSIw Xs¶ Gsd P\{]oXn t\Snbn«p­v. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ \ocv am{XaÃ, AXnsâ ]pdwtXmSpw D]tbmK{]ZamWv.

]mj³ {^q«v ]gw t\cn«pw, P}kmbpw D]tbmKn¡mw. ]mj³ {^q«v P}kmWv {][m\ambpw IbäpaXn sN¿p¶Xv. bqtdm¸v BWv ]mj³ {^q«nsâ {][m\ amÀ¡äv. BsI IbäpaXnbpsS 90% hpw bqtdm¸nte¡mWv. Atacn¡, Im\U, P¸m³ apXemb cmPy§fmWv aäv {][m\ amÀ¡äpIÄ. C´ybnÂ, {]tXyIn¨v hS¡v Ing¡³ kwØm\§fnepw, sXt¡ C´ybnepw ]c¼cmKXambn ]mj³ {^q«v sNdnb tXmXn hoSpIfnepw, aäpw Irjn sNbvXnêì. Nph¶ C\amWv C§s\ Irjn sNbvXnê¶Xv. F¶m Nne ZiI§Ä¡v ap¼v {ioe¦bn \nìw Xangv \m«nteípw, tIcf¯nteípw sIm­ph¶ aªbn\w IqSpX AëtbmPyambn I­p hcnIbpw sNbvXp. ]mjy³ {^q«v Irjn F§s\ sNbmsaì t\m¡mw.

F§s\bpÅ ImemhØbmWv ]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v th­Xv?

]mj³ {^q«v DjvW taJebnepw kaiotXmjvW taJebnepw \¶mbn hfêì. \à NqSpw, km{µXbpapÅ ImemhØbmWv ]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v D¯aw. Dujvamhv, Bt]£nI km{µX, kqcy{]Imiw, ag apXembh ]mj³ {^q«nsâ hnfhnt\bpw, ImessZÀLyt¯bpw, IoStcmK _m[Itfbpw hfscb[nIw kzm[o\nçì. hn¯nsâ AècWw, hfÀ¨, aq¸v, KpW\nehmcw XpS§nbhsb A´co£ Dujvamhv hfscb[nIw kzm[o\nçì­v. 18ºC apX 35ºC hsc ]mj³ {^q«v hfêsa¦nepw 21ºC apX 25ºC hcbmWv Gähpw D¯aw. hfsc Xmgv¶ Dujvamhv hfÀ¨ ædípIbpw t]mjImwi§fpsS BKncWw kmhImiamçIbpw A§s\ DÂ]mZ\£aX ædbpIbpw sN¿pì. antXmjvamhn (23þ28ºC) Imbv ]mIamIm³ 60 Znhkw aXn. Cu ssZÀLyw hfsc Xmgv¶Xpw DbÀ¶Xpamb Dujvamhn hyXymks¸Sp¶Xmbn ImWs¸Spì.    

           ]mj³ {^q«v kap{Z \nc¸n \nìw 100 aoäÀ apX 1000 aoäÀ hsc Dbc¯n Irjn sN¿mhp¶XmWv. Dbcw IqSpt´mdpw ]mj³ {^q«nsâ Ime ssZÀLyw IqSnhê¶Xmbn ImWs¸Spì. km[mcWbmbn 3 apX 5 hÀjwhsc ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ \ne\nÂçsa¦nepw 1200 apX 1400 aoäÀ hsc DbcapÅ Øe§fn 8 hÀjw hsc \à Imbv^ew X¶n«pÅ kmlNcy§fpap­v. A´co£¯nse Bt]£nI km{µX GXm­v 60% BWv ]mj³ {^q«n\v Gähpw D¯ambn«pÅXv. DbÀ¶ Djvamhpw Xmgv¶ Bt]£nI km{µXbpw sNSnbpsS  Pemwiw thKw \ãs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\m hfÀ¨apcSnç¶Xn\v CSbmçw. DbÀ¶ Bt]£nI km{µXbpw XpSÀ¨bmb agbpw IoStcmK_m[sb hÀ²n¸nçì. AXniàamb Imäpaqew hÅnIÄ Deªpt]mhpIbpw, ]qhpIfpw ImbvIfpw Ffp¸¯n hoét]mIm³ CSbmçIbpw sN¿pì. Imäns\ XSªp \nÀ¯p¶Xn\v {]Xntcm[ tijnbpÅ apf, bq¡men apXemb ac§Ä h¨p]nSn¸n¨v CXn \nìw c£ t\Smhp¶XmWv. \à kqcy{]Imiw ]mj³ {^q«nsâ hfÀ¨ív BhiyamWv. 11 a®n¡qdpIfn IqSqX ssZLyapÅ ]I Zn\§fmWv D¯aw. C§s\bpÅ kmlNcy¯n ]mj³ {^q«v XpSÀ¨bmbn ]pjv¸nçIbpw a®n \à Pemwiw Ds­¦n XpSÀ¨bmbn Imbv^ew XcnIbpw sN¿pì. \à kqcy{]ImiapÅt¸mÄ ChbpsS ]q¡Ä GItZiw 12 aWnç hnSêIbpw sshIn«v 3þ4 aWn Bæt¼mÄ hmSpIbpw sN¿pì.

       ]mj³ {^q«nsâ XpSÀ¨bmb \à hfÀ¨ípw Imbv^e¯nëw a®n Bhiyamb Pemwiw D­mbncn¡Ww. hÀjw apgphëw {Iaambn e`n綠800 apX 1750 anÃnaoäÀ agbmWv Gähpw A`nImayw. agbpsS A`mh¯n PetkN\w AXymhiyamWv. Pe ZuÀe`yw aqew ImbpsS hfÀ¨ apcSníp¶Xnëw Ce, ]qhv, Imbv, apXembh s]mgnbp¶Xnëw CSbmçw. agIqSpXepÅ kmlNcy§fn {]mWnIÄ aqeapÅ ]cmKWw XSÊs¸SpIbpw Bhiyamb {]Imiw e`n¡m¯XpsIm­v hnfhv ædbpIbpw sN¿pì.

GXp Xcw a®mWv ]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v AëtbmPyw?

]mj³ {^q«v GXpa®nepw hfÀ¯msa¦nepw aW IeÀ¶Xpw pH 6.5 þ7.5 hscbpÅXpw, \à \oÀhmÀ¨bpÅXpamb ]inacmin a®mWv D¯aw. a®n ssPhmwiw Gsd BhiyamWv. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ thê]Sew a®nsâ D]cnXet¯mSv tNÀ¶mWv IqSpXepw Imé¶Xv. 60% thêIfpw 30 skânaoäÀ hscbpÅ D]cnXe¯n ImWs¸Spì. thê]Se¯nsâ \à hfÀ¨ív {]mWhmbp Bb HmIvknPsâ e`yX hfsc BhiyamWv. CXn\mbn \à \oÀhmÀ¨ Dd¸phê¯Ww Asæn thê]Se§Ä kmh[m\w DW§n\inç¶Xn\v CSbmIpw. AXpsIm­v 8% hsc NcnhpÅ Øe§Ä ]mj³ {^q«v Irjnív Gsd AëtbmPyamWv.

Irjn¡v tbmKyamb ]mj³ {^q«v C\§Ä GsXÃmamWv?

      temI¯n 600þ ]cw ]mj³ {^q«v kv]ojnkpIÄ Ds­¦nepw {][m\ambpw 3 C\§fmWv \½psS \m«n IrjnsN¿vXphê¶Xv. Nph¸v, aª, BImi shÅcn F¶v hnfnç¶ Pbnâv F¶nhbmWmh. au­³ kzoäv I¸v (Mountain sweet cup) Fì hnfnç¶ Nph¶ C\w, ]mkn^vtfmd FSpenkv FSpenkv (Passiflora edulis edulis) F¶ imkv{X\ma¯n Adnbs¸Spì. {_ko BWv CXnsâ P·tZiw. Cfw Nph¸papX ISpw ]À¸nÄ hsc \ndapÅ ChbpsS ImbvIÄ¡v GItZiw 5 skânaoäÀ \ofhpw 30 apX 50 {Kmw hsc Xq¡hpap­v. Chív a[pcw IqSpXepw ]pfn ckw ædhpamWv.

       ]mkn^vtfmd FSpenkv ^vsfhnImÀ¸ (Passiflora edulis  flavicarpa) F¶ imkv{X\maapÅXpw ‘tKmÄU³ ]mj³ {^q«v’ (Golden Passion fruit) Fìhnfnís¸pSp¶Xpamb aª C\w, ]À¸nÄ C\¯n \nìw Dê¯ncnªv h¶n«pÅXmWv. ChbpsS ImbvIÄ ISpw aª\ndapÅXpw 6 skânaoäÀ hsc \ofapÅXpw 100 {Kmw hsc Xq¡apÅXpamWv. Chív ]À¸nÄ C\¯nt\¡mÄ ]pfnckw IqSpXemWv. ]mkn^vtfmd Izm{Um¦qemcnkv (Passiflora quadrangularis) F¶ imkv{X \maapÅXpw, Pbnâv {K\mUnà (Giant granadilla) F¶v Cw¥njn hnfnç¶Xpw, BImishÅcn F¶v \mw ]dªp hê¶Xpamb henb C\¯n\v 30 skânaoäÀ hsc \ofhpw 500 {Kmw hsc Xq¡hpap­v. aäpÅhsb At]£n¨v CXn\v êNnbpw aWhpw ædhmWv. _mw¥qêÅ Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) þ \nìw Imthcn F¶ t]cn Hê ]À¸nÄ C\w ]pd¯nd¡nbn«p­vv. CXp IqSmsX ]c¼cmKXambn sNdnb tXmXn IrjnsN¿p¶ \à \mS³ C\§fpw \nehnep­v. DbÀ¶ hnfhp Xê¶Xpw \à KpWta· DÅXpw, AXmXv tZi¯n\v Gähpw CW§nbXpamb C\§fmWv Irjn¡mbn ip]mÀi sN¿s¸«n«pÅXv. Nph¸nepw aªbnepw Xs¶ ImemhØbpsS ASnØm\¯n {][m\ambpw c­pXcap­v. kaXe {]tZi§Ä¡v tbmPn¨Xpw AXpt]mse DbÀ¶ {]tZi§Ä¡v AëtbmPyambXpw. c­v {]tZi§Äçw Hêt]mse Imcy£aamb C\w Ct¸mÄ \nehnenÃ. kaXe {]tZi¯n\v tbmPn¨h DbÀ¶ {]tZi¯nëw AXpt]mse Xncn¨pw D]bpàaÃ.   

Irjn¡mbn \So hkvXp X¿mdmç¶Xv F§s\?

          ]mj³ {^q«v; hn¯pIÄ aptJ\bpw, X­v thê]nSn¸n¨pw, {Km^väv sNbvXpw, sebdp sNbvvXpw hfÀ¯n FSp¡mhp¶XmWv. hn¯v apf¸n­¡p¶Xpw X­­v apdn¨v \Sp¶XpamWv CXn IqSpX {]mtbmKnIamb coXnIÄ. hn¯nsâ AècW tijn thKw \ãs¸Spsa¶¯n\m ]pXnb hn¯v D]tbmKnt¡­XmWv. hn¯nsâ BhcWw hfsc I«nIqSnbXmWv. BbXn\m c­v Znhkt¯mfw hn¯pIÄ shůn ap¡nh¨v t\gvkdnbn ]mIn apf¸ns¨Sp¡mhp¶XmWv. 10þ20 Znhk§Ä¡Iw hn¯v apf¨v hêw. apf¨v c­mgvNípÅn Chsb t]mfn_mKpIfnte¡v amämhp¶XmWv. GXm­­v 30 skânaoädn IqSpX hep¸amæt¼mÄ {][m\ \ne¯nte¡v amän \Smhp¶XmWv. t\gvkdnbn æanÄ _m[aqew sNSn hmSn hogpIbmsW¦n C³tUm^n 2þ3 {Kmw/enäÀ F¶ \nc¡n Xfn¨psImSp¡mhp¶XmWv. X­­v thê]nSn¸ns¨Spç¶Xn\,v hnfshSp¸n\v tijw Gähpw \¶mbn hf궠hÅnIfn \nìw ct­­m aqt¶m ap«pIfpÅ X­­pIÄ apdns¨Sp¯v Gähpw XmsgbpÅ ap«n \nìw Cebpw sS³{Snepw \o¡n IfbWw. aäv CeIfpsS ]æXn `mKw apdn¨v Ifbp¶Xv Pemwiw IqSpX \ãs¸SmXncn¡m³ \ÃXmWv. C§s\ apdns¨Sp¯ X­­pIfpsS NphSp`mKw ætd kabw shůn ap¡nhíWw. AXnë tijw shůn \nì ]pds¯Sp¯v X­n IqSpXembpÅ Pew æSªpIfbpI. X­nsâ NphSp `mKw sF._n.F tlmÀtamWn (IBA hormone) ap¡n km[mcW t]m«nwKv an{inX¯ntem t\gvkdnbntem \«v  IqsS IqsS PetkN\w \S¯pI. Hê amk¯n\Iw thê]nSníp¶h \¶mbn Iq¼v FSp¯Xn\v tijw {][m\ \ne¯nte¡v amän\Smhp¶XpamWv. hn¯n \n¶v DÂ]mZn¸nç¶ ssXIfmWv X­v thê]nSn¸ns¨Spç¶Xnt\¡mÄ Iêt¯dnbXpw IqSpX Imew \ne\nÂç¶Xpw. F¶m X­v thê]nSn¸ns¨Spç¶ ssXIÄ t\cs¯ ]qçIbpw ImípIbpw sN¿pì Fì am{XaÃ, amXrsNSnbpsS X\na \ne \nÀ¯p¶XpamWv. 

]mj³ {^q«nsâ hfÀ¨m{]tXyIXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

 AëIqekmlNcy§fn ]mj³ {^q«nsâ X­pw CeIfpw 8---þmw amkw apX 11þmw amkw hsc \¶mbn hen¸w h¨v XpS§pIbpw ]n¶oSv hfÀ¨ kmh[m\amhpIbpw sN¿pì. 5 þmw amkw apX 12 þmw amkw hsc [mcmfambn inJnc§Ä D­mhpIbpw sN¿pì. 9þmw amkw apX ]pjv]nçIbpw ImípIbpw sN¿pì. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ thê]Se§Ä 7þmw amkw hsc kmh[m\w hfêì. AXnë tijw 10þmw amkw hsc AXnthKw hfÀ¶v ]SêIbpw, ]n¶oSv kmh[m\¯nemæIbpw sN¿pì. thê]Se¯nsâ hfÀ¨bpsS coXnbn Xs¶bmWv t]mjI aqey§fpsS BKncWhpw. 7þmw amkw hsc Imcyamb coXnbn t]mjI§Ä BKncWw sN¿p¶nsænepw AXnë tijw henb tXmXn a®n \nìw t]mjI aqey§Ä BKncWw sN¿pì­v, {]tXyIn¨v Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium,  Manganese, Iron apXembh.

]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v Øew sXcsªSpç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«nsâ icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw, hnfhnëw \à kqcy{]Imiw AXymhiyamWv. 1000 anÃnaoäÀ agsb¦nepapÅ Øew thWw sXcsªSp¡m³. agbpsS A`mh¯n \à PetkN\ kuIcyap­mbncn¡Ww. \à hf¡qdpÅXpw, pH 6.5 þ7.5 hsc DÅXpw, \à \oÀhmÀ¨bpÅXpamb a®mWv D¯aw. shÅs¡«v A`nImayaÃ. henb Imänsâ ieyanÃm¯ 8% hsc NcnhpÅ Øe§fmWv ]mj³{^q«v Irjn¡v Gähpw AëtbmPyambXv.

]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v \new Hêç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«v \Sp¶Xn\v Ht¶m, ct­m amkw ap¼mbn \new Hêt¡­XmWv. \ne¯nepÅ ImSpw ]ÅIfpw \o¡n \¶mbn DgpXv  NmWIw, It¼mÌv, ]¨nehfw apXembh tNÀ¯v Hêç¶Xv hfsc \ÃXmWv. icnbmb \nesamê¡Â a®n thê]Se§Â \¶mbn ]SÀ¶v hym]nç¶Xnëw agshÅw DuÀ¶nd§p¶Xnëw \à \oÀhmÀ¨ Dd¸mç¶Xnëw DZtI­XmWv. IqSpX N¸pNhdpIÄ Ds­¦n Ah XobnSp¶Xpaqew a®n IqsSbpÅ IoStcmK _m[Isf \nb{´nç¶Xn\v hfscb[nIw klmbnçw.  

]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v ]´Â Hêç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«v hÅnIÄ GXp Xm§pIfnepw ac§fnepw hfÀ¯msa¦nepw \à coXnbn ]´en«v hfÀ¯p¶XmWv Gähpw Imcy£aamb coXn. am{XhpaÃ, km[mcW ac§fn ]SÀ¶v ]´en¡m³ AëhZn¨m Ah {ItaW \in¨p t]mæhm³ CSbmæì. ]´enSp¶Xn\mbn 4þ5 anäÀ AIe¯n ImepIfn«v Bhiy¯n\v I«nbpÅ I¼nIfp]tbmKn¨v \¶mbn hen¨psI«n ]´enSpIbmWv km[mcWKXnbn sN¿p¶Xv. Xm§pac§Ä, Icn¦Â ]mfnIÄ,  tIm¬{Ioäv XqéIÄ, Cê¼pss]¸pIÄ apXembh ImepIfmbn D]tbmKn¡mw. ]´en\v 7 ASn s]m¡sa¦nepw DÅXmWv \ÃXv. ]´Â iàamb Imäns\bpw agtbbpw AXnPohn¡m³ t]m¶Xmbncn¡Ww. ]´Â \nÀ½mWw Gähpw sNethdnb H¶mWv. icnbmb ]´Â \à coXnbn hÅnIÄ¡v ]Scmëw, XSÊw IqSmsX ]cn]me\apdIÄ bYmkabw sN¿mëw, Ffp¸¯n hnfshSp¡mëw klmbIamIWw. sNSnbpsS apgph³ Imehpw (6þ7 hÀjw) ]´Â \ne\nÂt¡ ­XmWv.  

\Soenepw ]´en ]SÀ¯enepw Fs´ÃmamWv {i²nt¡­Xv?

       HcSnbn IqSpX hfÀ¨ F¯nb ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ shbn DZnç¶Xnë apt¼m, Asæn AkvXab tijtam ]dn¨p \Sp¶XmWv Gähpw \ÃXv. ]dn¨p \«bpSs\ XW sImSpç¶Xv \ÃXmWv. 4þ5 anäÀ AIe¯nemWv \tS­Xvv. sNSnIÄ hfê¶Xnëkcn¨v sNdnb I¼pItfm Ibtdm D]tbmKn¨v ]´ente¡v ]SÀ¯n hntS­XmWv. hÅnIÄ \ÃXpt]mse ]´en ]SÀ¶m ]ns¶ sNSn¡v Xm§v sImSpt¡­ ImcyanÃ. hÅnbn \nìw s]m«nhê¶ imJIÄ Npänte¡pw {Iaambn ]SÀ¯n hn«m hÅnIÄ s]s«¶v ]SÀ¶v ]´ençIbpw ]pjv]n¨v ImípIbpw sN¿pw. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ, {]tXyIn¨v aª C\§fn kzbw ]cmKWw km[mcaÃmXXpsIm­pw, NnekmlNcy§fn ]cmKW¯n IqSnt]mepw ]q¯p Imím¯Xp sIm­pw, hyXykvX C\§Ä Htc ]´en Xs¶ hfÀ¯p¶XmWv Gähpw A`nImayw. C§s\bmbm ]mcmKW {]iv\§Ä XcWw sN¿phmëw IqSpX hnfhpe`n¡mëw klmbIcamæw. Htc sNSnbn \n¶v Xs¶ X­v thê]nSn¸nç¶Xpw, HtcsNSnbn \nì Xs¶ Snj|IÄNÀ s¨¿vXv FSp¯XXpamb sNSnIÄ am{Xw tXm«¯n hfÀ¯nbm ]cmKW {]iv\§Äçw X·qew D­mæ¶ ^eçdhnëw CSbmçw.  

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn If\nb{´Ww F§s\bmWv?

       ]mj³ {^q«nsâ thêIÄ sNSnbpsS Nph«n \nìw 15 skânaoäÀ apX 45 skânaoäÀ  hsc Npäfhn {]tXyIn¨v 30 skânaoäÀ  hscbpÅ D]cnXe¯n ImWs¸Sp¶Xn\m IqsS IqsS NphSnfç¶Xv \ÃXÃ. Nph«n \nìw 45 skânaoäÀ AIe¯nepÅ IfIÄ b{´§Ä D]tbmKn¨v \nb{´n¡mhp¶XmWv. Nph«nepÅ IfIÄ ssIsIm­v ]dn¨pamäpItbm If\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¨v \o¡w sN¿pItbm thWw. If\min\nIÄ D]tbmKnç¶XmWv Ffp¸hpw AZmbIchpamb amÀ¤w. CXn\mbn ssUbqtdm¬, t{_mamknÂ, ss¥t^mtkäv (2-3 kg/ha) apXemb If\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv.            

]mj³ {^q«n\v t]mjWw Bhiyapt­m?

]mj³ {^q«v, ]pjv¸n¨v Imím³ XpS§p¶tXmsS t]mjI apey§fpsS BhiyIX hfsc hÀ²nçì. 1500 Hmfw sNSnIfpÅ Hê slÎÀ Øe¯p \nìw Hê hÀjw 205 Intem{Kmw ss\{SPv³ 17 Intem{Kmw t^mkv^dkv 184 Intem{Kmw s]m«mknbw 152 Intem{Kmw ImÂknbw, 14 Intem{Kmw aáojyw,  25 Intem{Kmw  kÂ^À, 3 Intem{Kmw am¦\okv F¶n§s\ ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ hensNSpçì. t]mjImwi§fpsS A`mhw aqew sNSnIfpsS hfÀ¨ apcSnçIbpw ]e Xc¯nepf t]mjI aqeym`mh e£W§Ä ImWnçIbpw sNbpì. C§s\ sNSnIfn {]Xy£amæ¶ e£W§Ä ]Tn¨v icnbmb coXnbn kaoIyXhpw, kwbpIvXhpamb hf t{]tbmK coXnIÄ Ahew_nt¡­XmWv. ]pjv]nç¶ kab¯p t]mjI \nÀ®bw \S¯p\Xn\mbn {]qWo§v \S¡m¯ imJbpsS Xpw_ä¯p \nìw \memas¯ CebmWv FSpt¡­Xv. 

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn hf{]tbmKw F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«nsâ icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw hnfhnëw \ÃcoXnbnepÅ hf{]tbmKw BhiyamWv. sNSnbpsS hfÀ¨mImeL«s¯ ASnØ\am¡n, \Sp¶ kab¯pw, 2þ4 hÀjw {]mbambhípw 4 hÀj¯n IqSpX {]mbambhípw F¶n§s\ 3 coXnbnemWv hf{]tbmKw ip]mÀi sNbvXn«pÅXv. ]mj³ {^q«v sNSn \Spt¼mÄ, sNSn H¶n\v 5 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfhpw, 25:10:25 {Kmw F³:]n:sIbpw sImSp¡Ww. 2þ4 hÀjw {]mbamb sNSnIÄ¡v 10 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfhpw, 80:30:60 {Kmw F³:]n:sI bpw sNSn H¶n\v \ÂIWw. 4 hÀj¯n IqSpX {]mbamb sNSnIÄ¡v Htcm hÀjhpw 15 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfhpw, 150:50:100 {Kmw F³:]n:sI bpw sNSn H¶n\v \ÂIWw. Ch \mtem AXn IqSpX XhWIfmtbm sImSpç¶XmWv \ÃXv. Ch a®n IqSnbpw ]À®t]mjWw hgnbpw sImSp¡mhp¶XmWv. a®n hfw tNÀ¯Xn\v tijw \\¨p sImSp¡Ww. kq£va aqeI§fpsS A`mhapÅ Øe§fn Ahbpw AhiymëkcWw tNÀ¯v sImSpt¡­XmWv.    

]mj³ {^q«nsâ thê]Se§Ä 60% hpw D]cnXe¯n \nìw 30 skânaoädn\v AI¯pw, 70% hpw 45 skânaoädn\v AI¯pw ImWms¸Sp¶Xmbn Xn«s¸Sp¯nbn«p­v. BbXn\m BZyhÀj¯n sNSnbpsS Nph«n \nìw 10 skânaoäÀ apX 20 skânaoäÀ hsc Npäfhn hfw tNÀ¯v sImSpç¶XmWv \ÃXv. AXpt]mse {]mbamb tXm«§fn sNSnbpsS Nph«n \nìw 30 skânaoäÀ apX Hê aoäÀ hsc AIe¯n\v Npäpambn hfw tNÀ¯v sImSpt¡­XmWv.    

]mj³ {^q«n\v  PetkN\w Bhiyapt­m?

       agbneqsSbpw, PetkN\¯neqsSbpambn 1300 þ 1500 anÃnaoäÀ hsc Pew ]mj³ {^q«nsâ icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw hnfhnëw BhiyamWv. ag ædhmb kµÀ`§fn PetkN\w \ÂIWw. {Iaamb PetkN\w XpSÀ¨bmbpÅ ]pjv]n¡enëw, Imíenëw A\nhmcyamWv. ImbvIÄ aq¡m³ XpS§p¶tXmsS Pemhiyw hÀ²nçì. Pe¯nsâ A`mh¯n Cebpw, ]q¡fpw, IbvIfpw s]mgnbpIbpw, ImbvIÄ Np¡nNpfnªv t]mhpIbpw sN¿pì. B[p\nI coXnbnepÅ IWnI PetkN\tam, kv{]n§veÀ coXntbm Ahew_n¡mhp¶XmWv. hymhkmbnI ASnØm\¯nepÅ IrjncoXnbn t]mjI aqey§Ä PetkN\¯neqsS \Âæ¶ t^ÀäntKj³ coXnbpw \nehnep­v.  

]mj³ {^q«n {]qWnwKv (sIm¼v tImXÂ) F§s\bmWv?

sNSnIÄ hfÀ¨bnÃmsX apcSn¨v \nÂç¶ Xé¸pImeamWv {]qWn§n\v ]änb kabw. tcmKw _m[n¨Xpw DW§nbXpamb FÃm imJIfpw {]qWn§neqsS apdn¨v amäpì. {]qWn§n\v D]tbmKnç¶ I¯nIfpw aäpw Aé hnapàam¡m³ {]tXyIw {i²n¡Ww. Pqsseþsk]väw_À amk§fnse hnfshSp¸n\v tijamWv km[mcWbmbn {]qWnwKv \S¯p¶X.v {]qWnwKv aqew hfÀ¨mtijn ædª `mK§Ä \o¡s¸SpIbpw ]p¯³ XfnêIÄ D­mhpIbpw sN¿pì. C§s\ ]pXpXmbn D­mb imJIfnemWv ]pjv]§fpw ImbvIfpw D­mæ¶Xv. X·qew hÀjw tXmdpw {Iaambn sN¿p¶ {]qWnwKv, sNSnbpsS icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw Imbv^e¯nëw AXymhiyamW.v \ne¯pIqSn]Sê¶ hÅnIfpw {]qWnwKv kab¯v apdn¨v atä­XmWv.

]mj³ {^q«v ]cmKW¯nse {]tXyIXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

hÀj¯n cWvSpXhW ]mj³ {^q«v ]q¡pw. tabv, Pq¬ amk§fnepw sk]väw_À, HIvtSm_À amk§fnepw ]mj³ {^q«v Imbv¡p¶p. \«v HcphÀjw aXn Imbv¡m³. tabv þ Pq¬ amk§fn 10.5 Znhkwhscbpw sk]väw_ÀþHIvtSm_À amk§fn 28 Znhkwhscbpw ]q¡mew \oWvSp\n¡pw. ZznenwK]pjv]§fmWv ]mj³ {^q«nepÅXv. cmhnse 6 apX 7 aWnhscbmWv ]q¡Ä hnScp¶Xv. ]q¡Ä CeIfpsS BIvknen Häbv¡mbn ImWs¸Sp¶p. A©v tIkc§fpWvSv. aq¶v ssÌepIÄ ASn`mK¯v IqSnt¨À¶pw apIfä¯v 2,3 imJItfmSpIqSnb ÌnÜIfmbpw ImWs¸Sp¶p. ÌnÜ dnk]väohv BIp¶Xn\pap³]mbn tIkc§Ä ]qs¼mSn DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶p. HcpaWn¡pw \mepaWn¡pw CSbn Gähpw IqSpX tIkc§Ä ]mIamIpIbpw ]qs¼mSn hnXdpIbpw sN¿pw. AtXmsSm¸w Gähpw IqSpX ]cmKWw \S¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]q¡Ä sImgnbpw hsc ÌnÜ dnk]väohmbncn¡pw. ]q¡Ä hfsc BIÀjIamb \ndt¯mSpw aWt¯mSpw DÅhbmWv. jUv]Z§sf BIÀjn¡m\mbn [mcmfw ]qt´\pw ]qs¼mSnbpw DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶pWvSv. tX\o¨IfmWv {][m\ ]cmKW klmbnIÄ. IqSmsX ssktemt¡m¸ F¶ ImÀs¸âÀ _okpw ]cmKW¯n\v klmbn¡p¶p. G¸nkv skdm\, G¸nkv saÃns^d, G¸nkv tUmÀskä F¶o tX\o¨ C\§fpw ]q¡Ä kµÀin¡p¶p. 

   ]mj³ {^q«n {]tXyIn¨v aª C\¯n ]cmKW {]iv\§Ä DÅXpsIm­v ssIsIm­v ]cmKWw sN¿p¶Xpw, tX\o¨ hfÀ¯p¶Xpw, hn¯pssXI D]tbmKnç¶Xpw, hyXykvX sNSnIfn \nìÅ X­pIÄ \Sm³ D]tbmKnç¶Xpw hnf hÀ²\hn\v  Gähpw ^e{]ZamWv.

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn kky kwc£Ww F§s\bmWv?

       IoS§fpw, tcmK§fpw ]mj³ {^q«ns\ t\gvkdn apX _m[n¡mdp­v. hnhn[ Xc¯nepÅ ]pgp¡Ä, H¨pIÄ, æanÄ tcmK§Ä, \namhncIÄ, sshdkv tcmK§Ä apXembh I­phcmdp­v. hnhn[ \nb{´WamÀ¤§Ä kwtbmPnXambn bYmkabw Ahew_n¨v ChsbÃmw Gsdçsd \nb{´n¡mhp¶XmWv. icnbmb ]cn]me\ apdIÄ Ahew_n¨pw, Bhiyamb t]mjI aqey§Ä \ÂInbpw, X¡kab¯v PetkN\w \S¯nbpw sNSnIsf Iê¯pÅhbm¡m³ km[nçw. ssPh \nb{´WcoXnIÄ Ahew_n¨pw, tXm«§fn icnbmb ipNnXzw ]men¨pw, IfIsf bYmkabw \nb{´n¨pw, AXymhiyL«§fn cmk IoS\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¨pw Chsb \nb{´n¡hp¶XmWv. Znhtk\bpÅ \nco£W§fneqsS IoS tcmK _m[IÄ Bcw`¯nse Is­¯Ww. XpS¡¯n Imé¶ IoS§fpw, tcmKw _m[n¨ `mK§fpw ]qÀ®ambpw \in¸n¨v IfbWw. ]q¡fn ]cmKWw \Sç¶ kab¯v IoS\min\n {]tbmK§Ä \S¯êXv. AXncmhntetbm, kmbwImes¯m am{Xta tkv{]bnwKv \S¯mhq. Imbv Cu¨IÄ, ]pgp¡Ä, Cet]³, aoenap« kvsIbn C³skIväv F¶nhsb \nb{´nç¶Xn\v Ahkm\amÀ¤sa¶ \nebn ame¯ntbm³ 1.5 In.{Kw/slIväÀ F¶ tXmXn slIvädn\v 500enäÀ F¶ I®¡n Xfn¡mw. a­cn (mites) B{IaWs¯ sNê¡m\mbn 2.5 In.{Kw Hê slIväÀ F¶ IW¡n shůn ebnç¶ kÄ^À Xfn¡hp¶XmWv. Ce¸pÅn tcmKhpw, thêNobepw BWv {][m\s¸« tcmK§Ä. Chsb \nb{´nçh\mbn C³sUm^n 2þ3 {Kw/enäÀ F¶ IW¡n Xfn¨p sImSp¡mhp¶XmWv.

]eXc¯nepÅ sshdÊv tcmK§Ä ]mj³ {^q«n I­phêì. tcmKw _m[n¨ `mK§Ä XpS¡¯nte \in¸n¨pIfªpw, sshdÊpIsf ]c¯p¶ IoS§sf \in¸n¨pw, hn¯p ssXIÄ \Sm\mbn D]tbmKn¨pw, sshdkv _m[sb Hê ]cn[nhsc \nb{´n¡hp¶¯mWv.     

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn hnfshSp¸v F§s\bmWv?

       ]mj³ {^q«n km[mcWbmbn c­v hnfshSp¸v Imeap­v. Pq¬ apX HmKÌv hscbpw, \hw_À apX Pëhcn hscbpw. Hê kok¬ am{XapÅ C\§fn ssabv apX HIvtSm_À hscbmWv hnfshSp¸v Imew. ]cmKW¯në tijw 70þ80 Znhk§Ä sIm­v ImbvIÄ aq¯v ]mIamIpw. aq¯v ]gp¯v XpS§p¶ ImbvIÄ Xmsg hoWXnë tijamWv s]dp¡n FSpç¶Xv. C§s\ icnbmbn aq¯v ]gp¯ ImbvIÄ¡v am{Xta \à êNnbpw aWhpw D­mhpIbpÅp. Bgv¨bn c­p aqì {]mhiyw C§s\ ]g§Ä tiJcn¡mw. Hê sNSnbn \nìw GXm­v 5 Intem{Kmw hnfhv e`nçw. Hê slIvädn \nìw 7þ10 S¬ hscbmWv km[mcW hnfhv. 40 S¬ hscbpÅ hnfhpIfpw dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿vXn«p­v. ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ 7þ10 hÀjw hsc \ne\nÂçw. 3þ5 hÀjw hscbmWv Hê tXm«w BZmbIcambncnçIbpÅp. AXnë tijw BhÀ¯\Irjn sN¿p¶XmWv \ÃXv.  

]mj³ {^q«v  kwkvIcWw F§s\bmWv?

       ]mj³ {^q«v, P}kv kwkvIcn¨v FSpç¶Xn\mbn D]tbmKnçì. P}kv  Bbn hn]W\w \S¯pì. IqSmsX P}kv D]tbmKn¨v ioXf ]m\nb§Ä, sFkv{Iow, t_¡dn km[\§Ä apXembh D­mçì. \à ip²nbmb ]g§Ä 10⁰c  3 Bgv¨hsc KpWta· \ãs¸SmsX t]mfn¯o³ _mKpIfn kq£n¡mw.   

]mj³ {^q«nse KpWta·m LSI§Ä Fs´ÃmamWv?

]mj³{^q«v ]g¯n\v AI¯v,  Idp¸v \nd¯nepÅ sNdnb hn¯pIÄ D­v. Hmtcm hn¯pw aªbpw, Hmd©pw IeÀ¶ \nd¯nepÅ P}kS§nb k©nbm Npäs¸«ncnçì. ]j³ {^q«v GItZiw pH 3.2 A¾XzapÅ ^eamWv. hnhn[ A¾§Ä BWv CXnëImcWw. Chbn 90%þ IqSpXepw kn{SnIv BknUv BWv. _m¡n amen¡v BknUpw. {^q«v P}kn GItZiw 15% ]©kmc AS§nbncnçì. ]©kmcbpw A¾hpw X½nepÅ Aë]mXw ]À¸nÄ ]mj³ {^q«n 5:1 þDw aª C\¯n 3:8 þDw BWv. Nph¶ C\w s]mXpth IqSpX a[pcapÅXmWv. IqSmsX 2.2 % t{]m«nëw, 0.7% sImgp¸pw AS§nbn«p­v. ]mj³{^q«n [mcmfw s]m«mkyhpw, sshäan³ knbpw, \nbmknëw, ss^_êw AS§nbncnçì.    tkmUnbhpw tImft{Ìmfpw hfscædhmWv. CXpIqSmsX hnhn[ Xcw A¡tembnUpIfpw, ss¥tImsskUpIfpw, ^vsfhnt\mbnUpIfpw ]mj³ {^q«n D­v . ChbpsS FÃmw km¶n[y¯m ]mj³{^q«v P}kn\v hfscb[nIw Huj[KpW§Ä D­v. CXn AS§nbncnç¶ ]mÊn^vtfmdn³ F¶ cmk]ZmÀ°amWv thZ\ \nhmcW¯nëw, imcocnI Dt·j¯nëw ImcWamæ¶Xv. 

]mj³ {^q«nsâ D]tbmK§Ä  Fs´ÃmamWv?

]mj³{^q«v P}kn\v thZ\ ian¸n¡mëw, hncIsf AIämëw, lyZb \mUo tcmK§sfbpw, Im³kdns\bpw ian¸n¡mëapÅ Ignhp­v. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ DW§nb ]q¡Ä Xnf¸ns¨Spç¶ shÅw thZ\kwlmcnbmbn ]ecmPy§fnepw  D]tbmKn¡mdp­v. ]mj³{^q«v P}kv aäp ]e P}kpambn tNÀ¯v hnhn[ Xcw êNnbpw aWhpw DÅ ]m\nb§fp­m¡m³ D]tbmKnçì. ]mj³ {^q«v, hnhn[ Xcw kmeUpIÄ, kÀ_¯pIÄ, sFkv{IoapIÄ, PmapIÄ, ioXf ]m\nb§Ä apXembh D­m¡m³ D]tbmKnçì. ]mj³ {^q«v P}kv XpSÀ¨bmbn Ignç¶Xpaqew am\knI kwLÀjw, Dd¡anÃmbva, Bkva, Npa, ssat{K³ t]msebpÅ XethZ\IÄ, Zl\ kw_Ôamb {IatISpIÄ, BÀ¯h kw_Ôamb {]iv\§Ä XpS§nbh iançhmëw klmbnçì.  

]mj³ {^q«v t]msebpÅ \qX\ hnfIÄ IrjnsN¿p¶Xv BZmb¯nëw BtcmKy¯nëw A`nImayamWv. am{Xaà {Kma{]tZi¯pÅ sXmgn clnXÀ¡v sXmgnÂZmbIhpw, hyhkmb hfÀ¨¡v klmbIhpamWv. C§s\ \½psS `£y BtcmKy, sXmgn kpc£¡v ]mjy³ {^q«v t]msebpÅ \qX\ hnfI hfsc A[nIw klmbnçw.

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