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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Farmers' queries & Scientists' answers

Farmers can have their queries to solve problems confronting with pineapple and passion fruit cultivation. They can mail their questions/queries to prsvkm@gmail.com and scientists will answer the queries by return mail. Subsequently, frequently asked questions and answers (FAQ) will be published here for the benefit of the pineapple and passion fruit farming community.

Since majority of the questions are in the local Malayalam language, the answers are also provided in their own local language.

You may have to install Malayalam unicode fonts (ML-TTKarthika, etc) and  enable Malayalam language in Windows System to read Malayalam text here. For Help, please click here and follow the instructions.

IÀjIêsS km[mcWbmbpÅ tNmZy§fpw, AhípÅ adp]SnIfpw 

Pineapple | Passion fruit

ss]\m¸nÄ (Pineapple)

1. ss]\m¸nÄ IrjnbpsS {]m[m\yw F´mWv?

       Dujvafamb aWhpw, êNnbpw, BtcmKyZmbIamb P}kpapÅ AÛpXIcamb Hê DjvWtaJem ^eamWv ss]\m¸nÄ. CXn [mcmfw ImÂkyw, s]m«mkyw, ss^_À, hnäman³ kn, F¶nhbp­v. CXnepÅ t{_masebv³ F¶ F³sskw Zl\ {]{Inbsb Dt¯Pn¸nçIbpw, icoc¯nse hnhn[ tISp]mSpIsf t]m¡n kZm Dt·jw \ÂæIbpw sN¿pì. C§s\ BtcmKy¯nëw, BZmb¯nëw, DXæ¶XmWv ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn.

2. \½psS kwØm\s¯ ss]\m¸nÄ IrjnbpsS C¶s¯ ØnXn F´mWv?

       tIcf¯n hÀjw tXmdqw GXm­v 12,500 slÎÀ Øe¯v ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn sN¿pì. 1,02,400 S¬ hmÀjnI DÂ]mZ\hpw D­v. AXmbXv, C´ybnse BsI DÂ]mZ\¯nsâ 7.6 iXam\w am{Xw. tIcf¯n IrjntaJe s]mXpthbpw, ss]\m¸nÄ taJe {]tXyIn¨pw, {]XnkÔn t\cn«psIm­ncnçIbmWv Ct¸mÄ. s]mXpth IrjntbmSpÅ XmÂ]cyçdhv, sXmgnemfnIfpsS ZuÀe`yw, DbÀ¶ Iqen sNehv, hn]Wnbnse AØncX C§s\ ]e ImcW§Ä CXnë­v. ss]\m¸nÄ taJebn Gdnh궠Hê {]hWX kz´w Øe¯v Irjn sN¿p¶hÀ Xptemw Npê¡w FìÅXmWv. h³ tXmXnepÅ ]m«IrjnbmWv IqSpXepw. AXmbXv, ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn Hê A{Kn _nkn\Êv Bbn amdnIgnªncnçì. kwØm\¯v DS\ofw Irjnbps­¦nepw hmgçfw, aphmäp]pg {]tZi§fpsS Npäpambn FdWmæfw, tIm«bw, CSp¡n PnÃIfnembn GXm­v 85% IqSpX tI{µnIcn¨ncnçì.

3. Irjn¡v tbmKyamb ss]\m¸nÄ C\§Ä GsXÃmamWv?

       I}, I}³, audnjykv F¶n§s\ aq¶v C\§fmWv Irjn¡v AëtbmPyambn«pÅXv. CXn I}ëw, audnjykpw, {^jv {^q«mbn«pw, I} Im\nwKnëambmWv D]tbmKnç¶Xv. IqSmsX, AarX F¶ ]pXnb C\hpw ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebn \nì Irjn¡mbn ip]mÀi sNbvXn«p­v. temI It¼mf¯n Gähpw {]kn²amb Im\nwKnëw, IbäpaXnçw tbmPn¨ MD-2 F¶ C\hpw ChnsS IrjnsN¿mw. F¶m ædªImew sIm­v IqSpX BZmbw In«psaìÅXp s¡m­v C¶v an¡hmdpw audnjykv C\w am{XamWv h³ tXmXn Irjn sN¿p¶Xpw, hn]W\w \S¯p¶Xpw. ASp¯Ime¯mbn hmgçfw ss]\m¸nÄ F¶ t]cn CXn\v `qkqNnI cPnkvt{Sj³ e`n¨XpsIm­v CXnsâ IbäpaXn {]m[m\yw hÀ²nçIbpw sNbvXn«p­v.

4. GXp Xcw a®mWv ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn¡v AëtbmPyw?

       \Ã\oÀhmÀ¨bpÅXpw, AÂ]w A¾Xbpw, \à ssPhhfIqdpÅXpamb aW IeÀ¶ a®mWv D¯aw. shÅs¡«pÅ Øew \ÃXÃ.

5. F§s\bpÅ ImemhØbmWv ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn¡v th­Xv?

       kap{Z\nc¸n \nìw, 1,500 aoäÀ Dbc¯n hsc ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn sN¿mw. 15þ30 Un{Kn skÂjykv BWv AëtbmPyamb Dujva\ne. 500þ2500 anÃn aoäÀ agbmWv AëtbmPyw. \à hnfhn\v kqcy{]Imiw hfsc AXymhiyamWv.

6. icobmb \So Imew GXmWv?

       agsb B{in¨pÅ {][m\ \So kab§Ä G{]nÂþsabpw, HmKÌvþsk]väw_dpw BWv.  PetkN\ kuIcyaps­¦n Ft¸mÄ thWsa¦nepw \Smw. F¦nepw Pq¬þPqssese AXnhrãn kabw \Soen\v ]änbXÃ.

7. GsXÃmw kmlNcy§fnemWv s]mXpsh ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn FSpç¶Xv?

       aetbmc§fn X\nhnfbmbpw, dºÀ, sX§v tXm«§fn CShnfbmbpw, s\¸mS§fn \oÀNmepIÄ \ÂInbpw ss]\m¸nÄ IrjnsNbmw.

8. ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn¡v \new Hêç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

       ImehÀj¯n\p ap¼mbn In«p¶ Ht¶m ctWvSm agtbmSp IqSn IrjnØew \¶mbn DgpXp adn¡pI. \oÀNmepIÄ \ÂInbpw hmcsaSp¯pw \Ã\oÀhmÀ¨ Dp¯mhp¶XmWv. aetbmc§fn tIm­pÀ sseëIfn hmcsaSp¡mhp¶XmWv. s\¸mS§fn Bg¯n  \oÀ¨mepIsfSp¯v hmc¯n ss]\m¸nÄ \Smw.  

9. Irjn¡mbn \So hkvXp X¿mdmç¶Xv F§s\?

       sNSnbpsS Nph«n \n¶v s]m«n Xg¨p hê¶ IìIfpw, N¡bpsS ASnbn \n¶v hê¶ Én]pIfpw, N¡bpsS apIfnepÅ aæShpw, X­v apdn¨v apf¸n¨hbpw, Snj| IĨÀ ssXIfpw \Sm³ D]tbmKnímsa¦nepw Nph«n \nìw hê¶ IìIÄ AYhm Im\nIÄ Gähpw t\ct¯ Imbv^ew Xêw FìÅXpsIm­v ChbmWv km[mcWbmbn \Sp¶Xv. IoStcmK§fnÃm¯ \à Iê¯pÅ Im\nIÄ \Sphm³ sXcsªSpt¡­Xmév.

10. \Spt¼mÄ Fs´ÃmamWv {i²nt¡­Xv?

       \SphmëÅ Im\nIÄ AhbpsS hep¸w Aëkcn¨v hepXv, CS¯cw, sNdpXv F¶n§s\ Xcw Xncn¨v \Sp¶XmWv Gähpw D¯aw. Im\nIÄ Hì c­mgv¨ XWen C«v ]mIw hê¯nb tijamWv \Sm³ D]tbmKnç¶Xv. c­p hcnbmbn«mWv IìIÄ \tS­Xv. 10 cm Bg¯n \SWw. \Spt¼mÄ Iq¼nepw, CeIÄ¡nSbnepw, a®v hogmsX kq£n¡Ww. c­p hcnIfnembn Im\nIÄ {XntImW coXnbnemWv \tS­Xv.

11. hnhn[ coXnIfn IrjnsN¿pt¼mÄ F{X AIe¯nemWv \tS­Xv?

       hnhn[ coXnIfn Im\n \Spt¼mÄ hcnbn Im\nIÄ X½nepw, hcnIÄ X½nepw, Cu c­v hcnIÄ X½nepÅ AIehpw CXn\mbn Hê slÎdnte¡v th­ Im\nIfpsS F®hpw C\n ]dbpì.

       X\nhnfbmbn Irjn sN¿pt¼mÄ 30 x 45 x 90 cm AIe¯n \Sm³ GXm­v 40,000 Im\nIÄ thWw. dºÀ, sX§v tXm«§fn CShnfbmbn Irjn sN¿m³ 30 x 45 x 150 cm AIe¯n \Spt¼mÄ GXm­v 20,000þ25,000 Im\nIÄ thWw. s\ hbepIfn NmepIÄ Iodn hmcsaSp¯v \Spt¼mÄ 30 x 45 x 150 cm  AIe¯n GXm­v 25,000þ30,000 Im\nIÄ th­nhêw.

IqSmsX high density planting  AYhm AXnkm{µX \So coXnbn 50,000þ60,000 Im\nIÄ hsc \Sp¶ ]Xnhpap­v.

12. ss]\m¸nÄ Irjnbn hf{]tbmKw F§s\bmWv?

hf {]tbmK¯n\v \¶mbn {]XnIcnç¶ hnfbmWv ss]\m¸nÄ. \ne samêçt¼mÄ Hê slÎdn\v 25 S¬ F¶ tXmXn Imen hftam, It¼mtÌm tNÀ¯v sImSp¡Ww. IqSmsX cmkhf§Ä Im\n H¶n\v F³:]n:sI: 8:4:8: {Kmw C¶ tXmXn Htcm hÀjhpw \ÂIWw. X\n hnfív Hê slÎdn 40,000 sNSnIÄ¡v 320þ160þ320 Intem{Kmw  F³:]n:sI th­nhêw. ‘P' AYhm `mhlw ASnhfambpw,"N' Dw "K' bpw, ta hfambpw GXm­v c­v amkw CShn«v a®n Bhiy¯n\v \\hpÅt¸mÄ \ÂæIbmWv D¯aw. km[mcW ASnhfambn Im\n H¶n\v 20{Kmw ^mÎwt^mkpw, 5{Kmw s]m«mjpw a®n tNÀ¯v \ÂæIbmWv ]Xnhv. th\¡me¯v 2% bqdnbmbpw, 1.5 % s]m«mjpw tNÀ¶ emb\n Xfn¨p sImSpçItbm, Im\n H¶n\v 40 anÃo enäÀ F¶ tXmXn Hgn¨p sImSpçItbm sN¿mw.

13. ss]\m¸nfn³ PetkN\w Bhiyapt­m?

th\¡me¯v aq¶v BgvNIqSpt¼mÄ \\¨ps¡mSpç¶Xv IqSpX hen¸apÅ N¡IÄ D­mIm³ klmbnçw. tlmkv D]tbmKnt¨m, kv{]nwKvfÀ D]tbmKnt¨m, PetkN\amImw.

14. ss]\m¸nÄ Irjnbn If\nb{´Ww F§s\bmWv?

ssIXsNSnbnepÅ apÅpIÄ aqew IfIÄ ]dn¨pamäp¶Xv Gähpw {iaIcaWv. {]mtbmKnI amÀ¤w If\min\n D]tbmKnçIbmWv. Gähpw ^e{]Zamb amÀ¤w IfIÄ apfíXncn¡m³ th­n 3 In.{Kmw ssU bqtdm¬ Asæn 2.5 In.{Kmw t{_mako 600 enäÀ shůn Ie¡n Hê slÎdn Xfnç¶XmWv. ho­qw, IfIÄ apfípIbmsW¦n CXnsâ ]æXn Afhn Hì IqSn Xfn¨mÂaXnbmæw. If\min\n Xfnçt¼mÄ a®n CuÀ¸w D­mbncn¡Ww. hcnIÄ¡nSbn DÅ IfIsf \in¸nçhm³ ss¥t^mtkäv 41% SL (du­vA]v) 2 In.{Kmw 600 enäÀ shůn Ie¡n Xfn¡mhp¶XmWv. If\min\nIfn ssUbqtdm¬ (¢mÊv) HgnsI asämìw AÂ]w t]mepw sNSnIfn hogmsX kq£n¡Ww. If\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¨v IfIsf \in¸nçt¼mÄ AhnShnsS _m¡n \nÂç¶ IfIÄ ]dn¨p Iftb­XmWv.  

15. ss]\m¸nfn tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKw F´n\mWv?

Hê tXm«¯nse FÃmsNSnIfpw Htc kab¯v ]pjv]n¨v Hêan¨v hnfshSpç¶Xn\v tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKw BhiyamWv. sNSnIÄ GXm­v 7 amkw {]mbsa¯n 40þHmfw CeIfpÅt¸mgmWv tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKnç¶Xv. 2þt¢mtdm CussX t^mkv t^mdnIv BknUv AS§nb FYt^m¬ 25 ]n ]n Fw, bqdnb 2%, ImÂkyw ImÀ_tWäv 0.04% AS§nb emb\n 50 anÃn enäÀ hoXw Im\n H¶n\v Iq¼n Hgn¨p sImSp¡Ww. C§s\ 1000 sNSnIÄ¡v th­n hê¶ emb\n D­m¡m³ 50 enäÀ shůn 1.25 anÃn enäÀ FYt^m¬ (3.2 anÃn enäÀ F{X 39% Asæn 12.5 anÃn enäÀ F{X 10%) IqSmsX Hê Intem{Kmw bqdnb, 20 {Kmw ImÂkyw ImÀ_tWäv F¶nh ebn¸n¡Ww. FYt^m¬ Hgn¨p IgnªbpsS³ ag s]¿vXm ho­pw Hgnt¡­XmWv.

16. ss]\m¸nfns\ _m[nç¶ {][m\ IoS§Ä GsXÃmw?

aoenap«, kvsIbn F³skÎv F¶nhbmWv {][m\ IoS§Ä. sNSnbpsS thcv, IS, CeIÄ, N¡ F¶o `mK§sfÃmw aoen ap« B{Ian¡mdp­v. IoS_m[bpÅ CeIÄ aªfn¨v hmSn t]mæì. I}\m t^mkv Asæn t¢mÀss]dnt^mkv (lnÂ_m³) 2 anÃn enäÀ Hê enäÀ shůn F¶ tXmXn Hê slÎdn 500 enäÀ emb\n Xfn¨v Chsb \nb{´n¡mw.

17. ss]\m¸ofn I­phê¶ {][m\ tcmK§Ä F´mWv?

       AgpIÂ, Iq¼pNob , Ce¸pÅn tcmKw C§s\ ]e æanÄ tcmK§fpw sNSnsb _m[n¡mdp­v. \oÀhmÀ¨ ædª {]tZi§fnemWv tcmKw IqSpX I­phê¶Xv. BbXn\m \à \oÀhmÀ¨ Dd¸p hêt¯­Xv tcmK \nb{´W¯n\v AXymhiyamWv. ssUtY³ Fwþ45 (C³sUm^nÂ) 2 {Kmw Hê enäÀ shůn F¶ tXmXn Hê slÎdn 500 enäÀ emb\n Xfn¨pw, tcmKw IqSpX _m[n¨ Øm\§fn sNSnbpsS Nph«nepÅ a®v æXnêw hn[w Hgn¨p sImSp¯pw, tcmKw _m[n¨ sNSnIsf \ntÈjw \in¸n¨pw Cu tcmK§sf \nb{´n¡mhp¶XmWv.

       XpSÀ¨bmbn ss]\m¸nÄ IrjnsbSpç¶ Øe§fn \namhncbpsS B{IaWhpw, I­phêì­v. ImÀt_mkÄ^m³ 6% Pn Hê slÎdn\v 17 In {Kmw F¶ tXmXn a®n tNÀ¯psImSp¯v Chsb \nb{´n¡mw.

aoen _Kv hnÂäv AtÊmknbäv sshdÊv tcmKhpw Nne Øe§fn Iméì­v. CeIÄ Nph¸p\ndambn hfªp t]mæì. aoen ap«bmWv CutcmKw ]c¯p¶Xv. aoen ap«sb \nb{´n¨m Cu tcmKw hnfhns\ Imcyambn _m[n¡nÃ. F¦nepw sshdÊv _m[n¨ sNSnIÄ \in¸nç¶Xv tcmK \nb{´W¯n\v klmbIamWv. 

18. aäp ]cnNcW§Ä Fs´ÃmamWv?

       th\¡me¯v N¡ Nmªp \n¡mdp­v. AhbpsS Hê hiw kqcy{]Imi¯nsâ BLmX¯m \in¨v D]tbmKiq\yambnXoêì. CXv XSbm³ N¡bpsS ta N¸pNhdpIÄ C«v `mKnIambn aqSp¶Xpw, AtX sNSnbpsS CeIÄsIm­v Xs¶ s]mXnªp sI«p¶Xpw \ÃXmWv. sNSnIÄ Nmªv t]mæt¼mÄ a®v AW¨v sImSpç¶Xpw hfsc ^e{]ZamWv. sNSn æeíphm³ XpS§p¶tXmsS Nph«n \nìw ]pXnb IìIÄ s]m«nhcm³ XpS§pw. Chbn Gähpw \à Ht¶m, ct­m IìIÄ am{Xw \nÀ¯n _m¡n ASÀ¯n Iftb­XmWv. N¡ s]m«n hêt¼mÄ aæS¯nsâ Iq¼v am{Xw ëÅn Ifbp¶Xpw Én¸pIÄ ASÀ¯n Ifbp¶Xpw IqSpX hen¸apÅ N¡bp­mhm³ klmbIamWv.

19. ss]\m¸nfn F{X\mÄ sIm­v hnfshSp¡mw?

       audnjykv ss]\m¸nÄ sNSnbn 7 amkw Ignbpt¼mÄ tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKw \S¯mw. tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKw Ignªm 30þ40 Znhkw sIm­v æe hcm³ XpS§pw. 120þ140 Znhkw sIm­v N¡sh«pIbpw sN¿mw. C§s\ \«v Hê hÀj¯n\Iw Xs¶ hnfshSp¸v \S¯mw.

20. Hê slÎdn \n¶v F{X hnfhv e`nçw?

       ss]\m¸nÄ DÂ]mZ\w ]cnNcWapdIsfbpw \« Im\nIfpsS F®s¯bpw B{ibn¨ncnçw. X\n hnfbmbn 40,000 Im \nIÄ \Spt¼mÄ Hê slÎdn \nìw 40þ50 S¬ hnfhv e`nçw. dºÀ, sX§v tXm«§fn CShnfbmbn 20000þ25000 Im \nIÄ \Spt¼mÄ 25þ35 S¬ N¡ e`nçw. s\ hbepIfn \nìw CtX coXnbnÂ, Nnet¸mÄ CXn IqSpXepw hnfhv e`nçw.

21. ss]\m¸nÄ Irjnbn æänhnf FSpç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

       BZyhÀjw N¡ sh«n FSp¯pIgnªm ]n¶oSv c­p hÀjw IqSn Ch æänhnfbmbn \ne\nÀ¯n \à coXnbn ]cnNcn¨m \à hnfhv e`nçw. hnfshSp¸v Ignªv \SNmepIfnte¡v \o­p \nÂç¶ CeIÄ apdn¨v Ifªv a®n hfw tNÀ¯v AW¨psImSp¡Ww. hf{]tbmKw BZy hÀj¯n sNbvXXp t]mse Xs¶bmWv. Htcm sNSnbn \nìw hfsc IìIÄ s]m«n hêsa¦nepw Ahbn Gähpw \à Ht¶m, ct­m IìIÄ \ne \nÀ¯n _m¡nbpÅh ASÀ¯n amäWw. 4þ5 amkw Ignbpt¼mÄ AYhm s]m«n Xg¨ph궠Im\nIfn 40þHmfw Ce hêt¼mÄ ho­pw tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKw \S¯mw. hfsc \¶mbn ]cnNcnç¶ tXm«§fn Hì c­p amkw Ignªv ho­pw tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKw \S¯mw. tlmÀtam¬ {]tbmKw \S¯n 120þ140 Znhkw Ignbpt¼mtgçw N¡ sh«n FSp¡mw. C§s\ hÀjw tXmdpw aqt¶m, \mtem XhW N¡ sh«n FSp¡mhp¶XmWv. N¡bpsS hep¸w Hmtcm hÀjw Ignbpt´mdpw sNdpXmbn hêw. X·qew 3 hÀjw Ignbpt¼mÄ AmhÀ¯\ Irjn FSp¡mhp¶XmWv.   

22. ss]\m¸nÄ Irjn em`IcamtWm?

ss]\m¸nÄ Irjnbndç¶Xn\v BZyhÀjw slÎÀ H¶n\v GXm­v 2 e£t¯mfw cq] sNehmæw. ]n¶oSpÅ hÀj§fn GXm­v 1 e£¯n IqäpX cq] sNehv ht¶çw. sNSn H¶n\v 6þ7 cq]tbmfw sNehv hêì­v. AXmbXv 8þ10 cq]bn IqSpX F¦nepw N¡ H¶n\v e`n¨mte Irjn em`IcamæIbpÅq. ss]\m¸nfn\v 20þ25 cq] hsc h¶ kab§Ä D­v. AXpt]mse hn]W\w sN¿m³ km[n¡m¯ kab§fpw h¶n«p­v. 10þ15 cq]sb¦nepw hnebps­¦n BZyhÀjw apX Xs¶ em`w sImbvXpXpS§mw.

23. ss]\m¸nfn ssPh¡rjnbpsS {]kàn /km[yX F§s\bmWv?

atäsXmê Irjnbnepw F¶Xp t]mse, ss]\m¸nfnepw ssPh¡rjnbpsS {]kàn ssZ\Zn\w GdnhcnIbmWv. F¶m ss]\m¸nfn ssPhIrjnsb \nêÕmls¸Sp¯p¶ ]e LSI§fpap­v.

1. hmWnPy ASnØm\¯nepÅ ]m«Irjnbn em`þ\ãw hfsc \nÀ®mbIamWv.

2. hf {]tbmK¯n\v \¶mbn {]XnIcnç¶ hnfbmWv ss]\m¸nÄ.

3. IoStcmK§sf ssPhoI amÀ¤§fm ]qÀ®ambn \nb{´n¡m³ Ignbp¶nÃ.

4. sXmgnemfnIfpsS `uÀe`yhpw bqWnäv t]mjI¯nsâ DbÀ¶ hnebpw

5. sNehn\v Bë]mXnIambn ss]\m¸nfn\v hnehyXymkanÃmbva.

6. ss]\m¸nfnsâ hep¸¯n\ëkcn¨pÅ A, B, C t{KUnKv Dw t{KUpIÄ X½nepÅ h³ hnehyXymkhpw.

C§s\ ]e ImcW§fmepw ssPhIrjn em`amæ¶nÃ. Gähpw ædª sNehn Gähpw IqSpX A N¡ hnfbn¸n¨mte ss]\m¸nÄ Irjnbn kpØnc em`w In«pIbpÅp. kpØncem`aps­¦nse ssPhIrjnbn IÀjIÀ¡v XmÂ]cyap­mhpIbpÅp.

 

IqSpX hnhc§Ä¡v: 

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ta hnemkw:  AtÊmÊntbäv s{]m^kÀ & slUv, ss]\m¸nÄ KthjW tI{µw (tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemime), hmgçfw, aphmäp]pg, FdWmæfw PnÃ, tIcfw,  ]n³þ686 670

Cuþ sabnÂ: prsvkm@kau.in

                   prsvkm@gmail.com                 

 

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Quality People, Infrastructure & Work Culture for Quality Technology, Products & Services. Merit alone counts for quality suitable for the purpose. One has know-how only when it is proven in real life.Copyright © 2010 Pineapple Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University. Best viewed in IE 5.5 or above, 1024x768 screen, scripts enabled. Last modified: 05 Jul 2014. Webmaster: Dr. P. P. Joy, Associate Professor & Head, Pineapple Research Station (Kerala  Agricultural  University), Vazhakulam, Muvattupuzha, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India, PIN-686 670, Tel. & Fax: +91 485 2260832, Cell: +919446010905, E-mail: prsvkm@kau.in. Constructive comments, suggestions and criticisms are most welcome and please mail to prsvkm@gmail.com.