PINEAPPLE RESEARCH STATION (KERALA  AGRICULTURAL  UNIVERSITY), VAZHAKULAM, MUVATTUPUZHA

 

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Farmers' queries & Scientists' answers

Farmers can have their queries to solve problems confronting with pineapple and passion fruit cultivation. They can mail their questions/queries to prsvkm@gmail.com and scientists will answer the queries by return mail. Subsequently, frequently asked questions and answers (FAQ) will be published here for the benefit of the pineapple and passion fruit farming community.

Since majority of the questions are in the local Malayalam language, the answers are also provided in their own local language.

You may have to install Malayalam unicode fonts (ML-TTKarthika, etc) and  enable Malayalam language in Windows System to read Malayalam text here. For Help, please click here and follow the instructions.

IÀjIêsS km[mcWbmbpÅ tNmZy§fpw, AhípÅ adp]SnIfpw 

Pineapple | Passion fruit

]mj³ {^q«v (Passion fruit)

]mj³ {^q«nsâ {]m[m\yw F´mWv?

s]mffp¶ shbne¯v bm{X sNbvXp hcp¶ HcmÄ¡v \¶mbn ]gp¯ Hcp ]mj³ {^q«nsâ Imbv sR«n Xpc¶v Hcp \pffp ]©kmcbpw tNÀ¯p sImSp¯p t\m¡q... \mhns\ {Xkn¸n¡p¶ B a[pchpw icoc¯n\msI IpfnÀ½ ]Icp¶ XWp¸pw C{Xam{Xw DffnsemXp¡nb Hcp ]gw asäm¶nà F¶p ]dbmw. bmsXmcp sshjayhpanÃmsX FhnsSbpw A\mbmkw ]SÀ¶p Ibdp¶ Cu hffns¨Snbn kok¬ Bbn¡gnªm \ndsb ImbvIÄ ]nSn¡pw. Htcm Imbpw ioXf I\nbmWv. Imbv ]©kmc tNÀ¯p Ign¡mw. AXpasæn kzmZnjvTamb ]m\obw X¿mdm¡n Ign¨v £oWw AIämw  Cu hffns¨Sn Hsc®w \½psS ho«phf¸nepaps­¦ntem? th\ NqSv AIäm³ {^q«ntbm aäp Ir{Xna ]m\ob§tfm tXSn t]mtI­XnÃ.   

]mj³ {^q«nsâ {]tXyIXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

]mÀ¨, {K\mUnÃ, acmçb, kos_ apXemb t]êIfn hnhn[ cmPy§fn Adnbs¸Sp¶ ]mj³ {^q«v NncØmbnbmb Hê hÅn sNSnbmWv. hfsc thK¯n hfê¶Xpw, a®nsâ D]cnXe¯n thêÅXpw Bb Cu hÅnsNSn AhbpsS sS³{SnepIÄ D]tbmKn¨v FhntSbpw ]än¸nSn¨p Ibdphm³ IgnhpÅhbmWv. hnhn[ hÀ®§fnepÅ CXnsâ ]pjv]§Ä Bscbpw BIÀjnç¶Xpw GXp ]qt´m«¯nëw AëtbmPyhpamWv.

      ]mj³ {^q«n [mcmfw PohI§Ä AS§nbn«p­v. {]tXyIn¨v PohIw F. bpw, PohIw kn. bpw. ]mj³ {^q«v kvIzmjv ]t­ {]kn²amWv. CXv IqSmsX Im³Un, ]©v, P}kv, sFkv{Iow, kÀ_¯v XpS§n \nch[n kzmZnjvTamb DXv]¶§Ä¡p thWvSn ]mj³{^q«v D]tbmKn¡mw. 

{][m\ambpw aq¶n\§fmWv \½psS \m«n I­phê¶Xv; Nph¸v, aª, BImishÅcn F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶ henb C\amb Pbnâv. ]mj³ {^q«v P}kn [mcmfw [mXpehW§fpw, hnämanëIfpw AS§nbncnçì. IqSmsX \à êNnbpw, aWhpw, Huj[ KpW§fpw CXnë­v.

]mj³ {^q«v IrjnbpsS C¶s¯ ØnXn F´mWv?

DjvW taJe cmPy§fmb Hmkvt{Senb, lhmbv, ku¯v B{^n¡, {_ko apXemb cmPy§fn ]mj³ {^q«v [mcmfambn I­phêì. 90% DÂ]mZ\hpw {_koen \n¶mWv. s]dp, sh\nkpe, ku¯v B{^n¡, {ioe¦, Hmkvt{Senb apXembhbmWv aäv {][m\ DÂ]mZ\ cmPy§Ä. {_koensâ ]mj³ {^q«v hmÀjnI DÂ]mZ\w 5 e£w S¬ hêw. Hê slÎdn \nìw GItZiw 14 S¬ ]mj³ {^q«v ChnsS DÂ]mZn¸nçì. C´ybn ]mj³ {^q«v DÂ]mZ\¯nsâ 80% þpw hSç Ing¡³ kwØm\§fnemWv \Sç¶Xv. hb\mSv, æSIvv, \oeKncn F¶nhnS§fn ]mj³{^q«v hym]Iambn hfÀ¯p¶p­v. Irjn hIp¸nsâ Iogn ]me¡mSv PnÃbnse s\Ãnbm¼Xnbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Hmd©v B³Uv shPnä_nÄ ^manÂ, AhnsS¯s¶ hfcp¶ ]mj³{^q«v D]tbmKn¨v  kvIzmjv \nÀ½n¡p¶p­vv.  CXv  CXnt\mSIw Xs¶ Gsd P\{]oXn t\Snbn«p­v. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ \ocv am{XaÃ, AXnsâ ]pdwtXmSpw D]tbmK{]ZamWv.

]mj³ {^q«v ]gw t\cn«pw, P}kmbpw D]tbmKn¡mw. ]mj³ {^q«v P}kmWv {][m\ambpw IbäpaXn sN¿p¶Xv. bqtdm¸v BWv ]mj³ {^q«nsâ {][m\ amÀ¡äv. BsI IbäpaXnbpsS 90% hpw bqtdm¸nte¡mWv. Atacn¡, Im\U, P¸m³ apXemb cmPy§fmWv aäv {][m\ amÀ¡äpIÄ. C´ybnÂ, {]tXyIn¨v hS¡v Ing¡³ kwØm\§fnepw, sXt¡ C´ybnepw ]c¼cmKXambn ]mj³ {^q«v sNdnb tXmXn hoSpIfnepw, aäpw Irjn sNbvXnêì. Nph¶ C\amWv C§s\ Irjn sNbvXnê¶Xv. F¶m Nne ZiI§Ä¡v ap¼v {ioe¦bn \nìw Xangv \m«nteípw, tIcf¯nteípw sIm­ph¶ aªbn\w IqSpX AëtbmPyambn I­p hcnIbpw sNbvXp. ]mjy³ {^q«v Irjn F§s\ sNbmsaì t\m¡mw.

F§s\bpÅ ImemhØbmWv ]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v th­Xv?

]mj³ {^q«v DjvW taJebnepw kaiotXmjvW taJebnepw \¶mbn hfêì. \à NqSpw, km{µXbpapÅ ImemhØbmWv ]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v D¯aw. Dujvamhv, Bt]£nI km{µX, kqcy{]Imiw, ag apXembh ]mj³ {^q«nsâ hnfhnt\bpw, ImessZÀLyt¯bpw, IoStcmK _m[Itfbpw hfscb[nIw kzm[o\nçì. hn¯nsâ AècWw, hfÀ¨, aq¸v, KpW\nehmcw XpS§nbhsb A´co£ Dujvamhv hfscb[nIw kzm[o\nçì­v. 18ºC apX 35ºC hsc ]mj³ {^q«v hfêsa¦nepw 21ºC apX 25ºC hcbmWv Gähpw D¯aw. hfsc Xmgv¶ Dujvamhv hfÀ¨ ædípIbpw t]mjImwi§fpsS BKncWw kmhImiamçIbpw A§s\ DÂ]mZ\£aX ædbpIbpw sN¿pì. antXmjvamhn (23þ28ºC) Imbv ]mIamIm³ 60 Znhkw aXn. Cu ssZÀLyw hfsc Xmgv¶Xpw DbÀ¶Xpamb Dujvamhn hyXymks¸Sp¶Xmbn ImWs¸Spì.    

           ]mj³ {^q«v kap{Z \nc¸n \nìw 100 aoäÀ apX 1000 aoäÀ hsc Dbc¯n Irjn sN¿mhp¶XmWv. Dbcw IqSpt´mdpw ]mj³ {^q«nsâ Ime ssZÀLyw IqSnhê¶Xmbn ImWs¸Spì. km[mcWbmbn 3 apX 5 hÀjwhsc ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ \ne\nÂçsa¦nepw 1200 apX 1400 aoäÀ hsc DbcapÅ Øe§fn 8 hÀjw hsc \à Imbv^ew X¶n«pÅ kmlNcy§fpap­v. A´co£¯nse Bt]£nI km{µX GXm­v 60% BWv ]mj³ {^q«n\v Gähpw D¯ambn«pÅXv. DbÀ¶ Djvamhpw Xmgv¶ Bt]£nI km{µXbpw sNSnbpsS  Pemwiw thKw \ãs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\m hfÀ¨apcSnç¶Xn\v CSbmçw. DbÀ¶ Bt]£nI km{µXbpw XpSÀ¨bmb agbpw IoStcmK_m[sb hÀ²n¸nçì. AXniàamb Imäpaqew hÅnIÄ Deªpt]mhpIbpw, ]qhpIfpw ImbvIfpw Ffp¸¯n hoét]mIm³ CSbmçIbpw sN¿pì. Imäns\ XSªp \nÀ¯p¶Xn\v {]Xntcm[ tijnbpÅ apf, bq¡men apXemb ac§Ä h¨p]nSn¸n¨v CXn \nìw c£ t\Smhp¶XmWv. \à kqcy{]Imiw ]mj³ {^q«nsâ hfÀ¨ív BhiyamWv. 11 a®n¡qdpIfn IqSqX ssZLyapÅ ]I Zn\§fmWv D¯aw. C§s\bpÅ kmlNcy¯n ]mj³ {^q«v XpSÀ¨bmbn ]pjv¸nçIbpw a®n \à Pemwiw Ds­¦n XpSÀ¨bmbn Imbv^ew XcnIbpw sN¿pì. \à kqcy{]ImiapÅt¸mÄ ChbpsS ]q¡Ä GItZiw 12 aWnç hnSêIbpw sshIn«v 3þ4 aWn Bæt¼mÄ hmSpIbpw sN¿pì.

       ]mj³ {^q«nsâ XpSÀ¨bmb \à hfÀ¨ípw Imbv^e¯nëw a®n Bhiyamb Pemwiw D­mbncn¡Ww. hÀjw apgphëw {Iaambn e`n綠800 apX 1750 anÃnaoäÀ agbmWv Gähpw A`nImayw. agbpsS A`mh¯n PetkN\w AXymhiyamWv. Pe ZuÀe`yw aqew ImbpsS hfÀ¨ apcSníp¶Xnëw Ce, ]qhv, Imbv, apXembh s]mgnbp¶Xnëw CSbmçw. agIqSpXepÅ kmlNcy§fn {]mWnIÄ aqeapÅ ]cmKWw XSÊs¸SpIbpw Bhiyamb {]Imiw e`n¡m¯XpsIm­v hnfhv ædbpIbpw sN¿pì.

GXp Xcw a®mWv ]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v AëtbmPyw?

]mj³ {^q«v GXpa®nepw hfÀ¯msa¦nepw aW IeÀ¶Xpw pH 6.5 þ7.5 hscbpÅXpw, \à \oÀhmÀ¨bpÅXpamb ]inacmin a®mWv D¯aw. a®n ssPhmwiw Gsd BhiyamWv. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ thê]Sew a®nsâ D]cnXet¯mSv tNÀ¶mWv IqSpXepw Imé¶Xv. 60% thêIfpw 30 skânaoäÀ hscbpÅ D]cnXe¯n ImWs¸Spì. thê]Se¯nsâ \à hfÀ¨ív {]mWhmbp Bb HmIvknPsâ e`yX hfsc BhiyamWv. CXn\mbn \à \oÀhmÀ¨ Dd¸phê¯Ww Asæn thê]Se§Ä kmh[m\w DW§n\inç¶Xn\v CSbmIpw. AXpsIm­v 8% hsc NcnhpÅ Øe§Ä ]mj³ {^q«v Irjnív Gsd AëtbmPyamWv.

Irjn¡v tbmKyamb ]mj³ {^q«v C\§Ä GsXÃmamWv?

      temI¯n 600þ ]cw ]mj³ {^q«v kv]ojnkpIÄ Ds­¦nepw {][m\ambpw 3 C\§fmWv \½psS \m«n IrjnsN¿vXphê¶Xv. Nph¸v, aª, BImi shÅcn F¶v hnfnç¶ Pbnâv F¶nhbmWmh. au­³ kzoäv I¸v (Mountain sweet cup) Fì hnfnç¶ Nph¶ C\w, ]mkn^vtfmd FSpenkv FSpenkv (Passiflora edulis edulis) F¶ imkv{X\ma¯n Adnbs¸Spì. {_ko BWv CXnsâ P·tZiw. Cfw Nph¸papX ISpw ]À¸nÄ hsc \ndapÅ ChbpsS ImbvIÄ¡v GItZiw 5 skânaoäÀ \ofhpw 30 apX 50 {Kmw hsc Xq¡hpap­v. Chív a[pcw IqSpXepw ]pfn ckw ædhpamWv.

       ]mkn^vtfmd FSpenkv ^vsfhnImÀ¸ (Passiflora edulis  flavicarpa) F¶ imkv{X\maapÅXpw tKmÄU³ ]mj³ {^q«v’ (Golden Passion fruit) Fìhnfnís¸pSp¶Xpamb aª C\w, ]À¸nÄ C\¯n \nìw Dê¯ncnªv h¶n«pÅXmWv. ChbpsS ImbvIÄ ISpw aª\ndapÅXpw 6 skânaoäÀ hsc \ofapÅXpw 100 {Kmw hsc Xq¡apÅXpamWv. Chív ]À¸nÄ C\¯nt\¡mÄ ]pfnckw IqSpXemWv. ]mkn^vtfmd Izm{Um¦qemcnkv (Passiflora quadrangularis) F¶ imkv{X \maapÅXpw, Pbnâv {K\mUnà (Giant granadilla) F¶v Cw¥njn hnfnç¶Xpw, BImishÅcn F¶v \mw ]dªp hê¶Xpamb henb C\¯n\v 30 skânaoäÀ hsc \ofhpw 500 {Kmw hsc Xq¡hpap­v. aäpÅhsb At]£n¨v CXn\v êNnbpw aWhpw ædhmWv. _mw¥qêÅ Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) þ \nìw Imthcn F¶ t]cn Hê ]À¸nÄ C\w ]pd¯nd¡nbn«p­vv. CXp IqSmsX ]c¼cmKXambn sNdnb tXmXn IrjnsN¿p¶ \à \mS³ C\§fpw \nehnep­v. DbÀ¶ hnfhp Xê¶Xpw \à KpWta· DÅXpw, AXmXv tZi¯n\v Gähpw CW§nbXpamb C\§fmWv Irjn¡mbn ip]mÀi sN¿s¸«n«pÅXv. Nph¸nepw aªbnepw Xs¶ ImemhØbpsS ASnØm\¯n {][m\ambpw c­pXcap­v. kaXe {]tZi§Ä¡v tbmPn¨Xpw AXpt]mse DbÀ¶ {]tZi§Ä¡v AëtbmPyambXpw. c­v {]tZi§Äçw Hêt]mse Imcy£aamb C\w Ct¸mÄ \nehnenÃ. kaXe {]tZi¯n\v tbmPn¨h DbÀ¶ {]tZi¯nëw AXpt]mse Xncn¨pw D]bpàaÃ.   

Irjn¡mbn \So hkvXp X¿mdmç¶Xv F§s\?

          ]mj³ {^q«v; hn¯pIÄ aptJ\bpw, X­v thê]nSn¸n¨pw, {Km^väv sNbvXpw, sebdp sNbvvXpw hfÀ¯n FSp¡mhp¶XmWv. hn¯v apf¸n­¡p¶Xpw X­­v apdn¨v \Sp¶XpamWv CXn IqSpX {]mtbmKnIamb coXnIÄ. hn¯nsâ AècW tijn thKw \ãs¸Spsa¯n\m ]pXnb hn¯v D]tbmKnt¡­XmWv. hn¯nsâ BhcWw hfsc I«nIqSnbXmWv. BbXn\m c­v Znhkt¯mfw hn¯pIÄ shůn ap¡nh¨v t\gvkdnbn ]mIn apf¸ns¨Sp¡mhp¶XmWv. 10þ20 Znhk§Ä¡Iw hn¯v apf¨v hêw. apf¨v c­mgvNípÅn Chsb t]mfn_mKpIfnte¡v amämhp¶XmWv. GXm­­v 30 skânaoädn IqSpX hep¸amæt¼mÄ {][m\ \ne¯nte¡v amän \Smhp¶XmWv. t\gvkdnbn æanÄ _m[aqew sNSn hmSn hogpIbmsW¦n C³tUm^n 2þ3 {Kmw/enäÀ F¶ \nc¡n Xfn¨psImSp¡mhp¶XmWv. X­­v thê]nSn¸ns¨Spç¶Xn\,v hnfshSp¸n\v tijw Gähpw \¶mbn hf궠hÅnIfn \nìw ct­­m aqt¶m ap«pIfpÅ X­­pIÄ apdns¨Sp¯v Gähpw XmsgbpÅ ap«n \nìw Cebpw sS³{Snepw \o¡n IfbWw. aäv CeIfpsS ]æXn `mKw apdn¨v Ifbp¶Xv Pemwiw IqSpX \ãs¸SmXncn¡m³ \ÃXmWv. C§s\ apdns¨Sp¯ X­­pIfpsS NphSp`mKw ætd kabw shůn ap¡nhíWw. AXnë tijw shůn \nì ]pds¯Sp¯v X­n IqSpXembpÅ Pew æSªpIfbpI. X­nsâ NphSp `mKw sF._n.F tlmÀtamWn (IBA hormone) ap¡n km[mcW t]m«nwKv an{inX¯ntem t\gvkdnbntem \«v  IqsS IqsS PetkN\w \S¯pI. Hê amk¯n\Iw thê]nSníp¶h \¶mbn Iq¼v FSp¯Xn\v tijw {][m\ \ne¯nte¡v amän\Smhp¶XpamWv. hn¯n \n¶v DÂ]mZn¸nç¶ ssXIfmWv X­v thê]nSn¸ns¨Spç¶Xnt\¡mÄ Iêt¯dnbXpw IqSpX Imew \ne\nÂç¶Xpw. F¶m X­v thê]nSn¸ns¨Spç¶ ssXIÄ t\cs¯ ]qçIbpw ImípIbpw sN¿pì Fì am{XaÃ, amXrsNSnbpsS X\na \ne \nÀ¯p¶XpamWv. 

]mj³ {^q«nsâ hfÀ¨m{]tXyIXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

 AëIqekmlNcy§fn ]mj³ {^q«nsâ X­pw CeIfpw 8---þmw amkw apX 11þmw amkw hsc \¶mbn hen¸w h¨v XpS§pIbpw ]n¶oSv hfÀ¨ kmh[m\amhpIbpw sN¿pì. 5 þmw amkw apX 12 þmw amkw hsc [mcmfambn inJnc§Ä D­mhpIbpw sN¿pì. 9þmw amkw apX ]pjv]nçIbpw ImípIbpw sN¿pì. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ thê]Se§Ä 7þmw amkw hsc kmh[m\w hfêì. AXnë tijw 10þmw amkw hsc AXnthKw hfÀ¶v ]SêIbpw, ]n¶oSv kmh[m\¯nemæIbpw sN¿pì. thê]Se¯nsâ hfÀ¨bpsS coXnbn Xs¶bmWv t]mjI aqey§fpsS BKncWhpw. 7þmw amkw hsc Imcyamb coXnbn t]mjI§Ä BKncWw sN¿p¶nsænepw AXnë tijw henb tXmXn a®n \nìw t]mjI aqey§Ä BKncWw sN¿pì­v, {]tXyIn¨v Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium,  Manganese, Iron apXembh.

]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v Øew sXcsªSpç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«nsâ icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw, hnfhnëw \à kqcy{]Imiw AXymhiyamWv. 1000 anÃnaoäÀ agsb¦nepapÅ Øew thWw sXcsªSp¡m³. agbpsS A`mh¯n \à PetkN\ kuIcyap­mbncn¡Ww. \à hf¡qdpÅXpw, pH 6.5 þ7.5 hsc DÅXpw, \à \oÀhmÀ¨bpÅXpamb a®mWv D¯aw. shÅs¡«v A`nImayaÃ. henb Imänsâ ieyanÃm¯ 8% hsc NcnhpÅ Øe§fmWv ]mj³{^q«v Irjn¡v Gähpw AëtbmPyambXv.

]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v \new Hêç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«v \Sp¶Xn\v Ht¶m, ct­m amkw ap¼mbn \new Hêt¡­XmWv. \ne¯nepÅ ImSpw ]ÅIfpw \o¡n \¶mbn DgpXv  NmWIw, It¼mÌv, ]¨nehfw apXembh tNÀ¯v Hêç¶Xv hfsc \ÃXmWv. icnbmb \nesamê¡Â a®n thê]Se§Â \¶mbn ]SÀ¶v hym]nç¶Xnëw agshÅw DuÀ¶nd§p¶Xnëw \à \oÀhmÀ¨ Dd¸mç¶Xnëw DZtI­XmWv. IqSpX N¸pNhdpIÄ Ds­¦n Ah XobnSp¶Xpaqew a®n IqsSbpÅ IoStcmK _m[Isf \nb{´nç¶Xn\v hfscb[nIw klmbnçw.  

]mj³ {^q«v Irjn¡v ]´Â Hêç¶Xv F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«v hÅnIÄ GXp Xm§pIfnepw ac§fnepw hfÀ¯msa¦nepw \à coXnbn ]´en«v hfÀ¯p¶XmWv Gähpw Imcy£aamb coXn. am{XhpaÃ, km[mcW ac§fn ]SÀ¶v ]´en¡m³ AëhZn¨m Ah {ItaW \in¨p t]mæhm³ CSbmæì. ]´enSp¶Xn\mbn 4þ5 anäÀ AIe¯n ImepIfn«v Bhiy¯n\v I«nbpÅ I¼nIfp]tbmKn¨v \¶mbn hen¨psI«n ]´enSpIbmWv km[mcWKXnbn sN¿p¶Xv. Xm§pac§Ä, Icn¦Â ]mfnIÄ,  tIm¬{Ioäv XqéIÄ, Cê¼pss]¸pIÄ apXembh ImepIfmbn D]tbmKn¡mw. ]´en\v 7 ASn s]m¡sa¦nepw DÅXmWv \ÃXv. ]´Â iàamb Imäns\bpw agtbbpw AXnPohn¡m³ t]m¶Xmbncn¡Ww. ]´Â \nÀ½mWw Gähpw sNethdnb H¶mWv. icnbmb ]´Â \à coXnbn hÅnIÄ¡v ]Scmëw, XSÊw IqSmsX ]cn]me\apdIÄ bYmkabw sN¿mëw, Ffp¸¯n hnfshSp¡mëw klmbIamIWw. sNSnbpsS apgph³ Imehpw (6þ7 hÀjw) ]´Â \ne\nÂt¡ ­XmWv.  

\Soenepw ]´en ]SÀ¯enepw Fs´ÃmamWv {i²nt¡­Xv?

       HcSnbn IqSpX hfÀ¨ F¯nb ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ shbn DZnç¶Xnë apt¼m, Asæn AkvXab tijtam ]dn¨p \Sp¶XmWv Gähpw \ÃXv. ]dn¨p \«bpSs\ XW sImSpç¶Xv \ÃXmWv. 4þ5 anäÀ AIe¯nemWv \tS­Xvv. sNSnIÄ hfê¶Xnëkcn¨v sNdnb I¼pItfm Ibtdm D]tbmKn¨v ]´ente¡v ]SÀ¯n hntS­XmWv. hÅnIÄ \ÃXpt]mse ]´en ]SÀ¶m ]ns¶ sNSn¡v Xm§v sImSpt¡­ ImcyanÃ. hÅnbn \nìw s]m«nhê¶ imJIÄ Npänte¡pw {Iaambn ]SÀ¯n hn«m hÅnIÄ s]s«¶v ]SÀ¶v ]´ençIbpw ]pjv]n¨v ImípIbpw sN¿pw. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ, {]tXyIn¨v aª C\§fn kzbw ]cmKWw km[mcaÃmXXpsIm­pw, NnekmlNcy§fn ]cmKW¯n IqSnt]mepw ]q¯p Imím¯Xp sIm­pw, hyXykvX C\§Ä Htc ]´en Xs¶ hfÀ¯p¶XmWv Gähpw A`nImayw. C§s\bmbm ]mcmKW {]iv\§Ä XcWw sN¿phmëw IqSpX hnfhpe`n¡mëw klmbIcamæw. Htc sNSnbn \n¶v Xs¶ X­v thê]nSn¸nç¶Xpw, HtcsNSnbn \nì Xs¶ Snj|IÄNÀ s¨¿vXv FSp¯XXpamb sNSnIÄ am{Xw tXm«¯n hfÀ¯nbm ]cmKW {]iv\§Äçw X·qew D­mæ¶ ^eçdhnëw CSbmçw.  

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn If\nb{´Ww F§s\bmWv?

       ]mj³ {^q«nsâ thêIÄ sNSnbpsS Nph«n \nìw 15 skânaoäÀ apX 45 skânaoäÀ  hsc Npäfhn {]tXyIn¨v 30 skânaoäÀ  hscbpÅ D]cnXe¯n ImWs¸Sp¶Xn\m IqsS IqsS NphSnfç¶Xv \ÃXÃ. Nph«n \nìw 45 skânaoäÀ AIe¯nepÅ IfIÄ b{´§Ä D]tbmKn¨v \nb{´n¡mhp¶XmWv. Nph«nepÅ IfIÄ ssIsIm­v ]dn¨pamäpItbm If\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¨v \o¡w sN¿pItbm thWw. If\min\nIÄ D]tbmKnç¶XmWv Ffp¸hpw AZmbIchpamb amÀ¤w. CXn\mbn ssUbqtdm¬, t{_mamknÂ, ss¥t^mtkäv (2-3 kg/ha) apXemb If\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv.            

]mj³ {^q«n\v t]mjWw Bhiyapt­m?

]mj³ {^q«v, ]pjv¸n¨v Imím³ XpS§p¶tXmsS t]mjI apey§fpsS BhiyIX hfsc hÀ²nçì. 1500 Hmfw sNSnIfpÅ Hê slÎÀ Øe¯p \nìw Hê hÀjw 205 Intem{Kmw ss\{SPv³ 17 Intem{Kmw t^mkv^dkv 184 Intem{Kmw s]m«mknbw 152 Intem{Kmw ImÂknbw, 14 Intem{Kmw aáojyw,  25 Intem{Kmw  kÂ^À, 3 Intem{Kmw am¦\okv F¶n§s\ ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ hensNSpçì. t]mjImwi§fpsS A`mhw aqew sNSnIfpsS hfÀ¨ apcSnçIbpw ]e Xc¯nepf t]mjI aqeym`mh e£W§Ä ImWnçIbpw sNbpì. C§s\ sNSnIfn {]Xy£amæ¶ e£W§Ä ]Tn¨v icnbmb coXnbn kaoIyXhpw, kwbpIvXhpamb hf t{]tbmK coXnIÄ Ahew_nt¡­XmWv. ]pjv]nç¶ kab¯p t]mjI \nÀ®bw \S¯p\Xn\mbn {]qWo§v \S¡m¯ imJbpsS Xpw_ä¯p \nìw \memas¯ CebmWv FSpt¡­Xv. 

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn hf{]tbmKw F§s\bmWv?

]mj³ {^q«nsâ icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw hnfhnëw \ÃcoXnbnepÅ hf{]tbmKw BhiyamWv. sNSnbpsS hfÀ¨mImeL«s¯ ASnØ\am¡n, \Sp¶ kab¯pw, 2þ4 hÀjw {]mbambhípw 4 hÀj¯n IqSpX {]mbambhípw F¶n§s\ 3 coXnbnemWv hf{]tbmKw ip]mÀi sNbvXn«pÅXv. ]mj³ {^q«v sNSn \Spt¼mÄ, sNSn H¶n\v 5 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfhpw, 25:10:25 {Kmw F³:]n:sIbpw sImSp¡Ww. 2þ4 hÀjw {]mbamb sNSnIÄ¡v 10 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfhpw, 80:30:60 {Kmw F³:]n:sI bpw sNSn H¶n\v \ÂIWw. 4 hÀj¯n IqSpX {]mbamb sNSnIÄ¡v Htcm hÀjhpw 15 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfhpw, 150:50:100 {Kmw F³:]n:sI bpw sNSn H¶n\v \ÂIWw. Ch \mtem AXn IqSpX XhWIfmtbm sImSpç¶XmWv \ÃXv. Ch a®n IqSnbpw ]À®t]mjWw hgnbpw sImSp¡mhp¶XmWv. a®n hfw tNÀ¯Xn\v tijw \\¨p sImSp¡Ww. kq£va aqeI§fpsS A`mhapÅ Øe§fn Ahbpw AhiymëkcWw tNÀ¯v sImSpt¡­XmWv.    

]mj³ {^q«nsâ thê]Se§Ä 60% hpw D]cnXe¯n \nìw 30 skânaoädn\v AI¯pw, 70% hpw 45 skânaoädn\v AI¯pw ImWms¸Sp¶Xmbn Xn«s¸Sp¯nbn«p­v. BbXn\m BZyhÀj¯n sNSnbpsS Nph«n \nìw 10 skânaoäÀ apX 20 skânaoäÀ hsc Npäfhn hfw tNÀ¯v sImSpç¶XmWv \ÃXv. AXpt]mse {]mbamb tXm«§fn sNSnbpsS Nph«n \nìw 30 skânaoäÀ apX Hê aoäÀ hsc AIe¯n\v Npäpambn hfw tNÀ¯v sImSpt¡­XmWv.    

]mj³ {^q«n\v  PetkN\w Bhiyapt­m?

       agbneqsSbpw, PetkN\¯neqsSbpambn 1300 þ 1500 anÃnaoäÀ hsc Pew ]mj³ {^q«nsâ icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw hnfhnëw BhiyamWv. ag ædhmb kµÀ`§fn PetkN\w \ÂIWw. {Iaamb PetkN\w XpSÀ¨bmbpÅ ]pjv]n¡enëw, Imíenëw A\nhmcyamWv. ImbvIÄ aq¡m³ XpS§p¶tXmsS Pemhiyw hÀ²nçì. Pe¯nsâ A`mh¯n Cebpw, ]q¡fpw, IbvIfpw s]mgnbpIbpw, ImbvIÄ Np¡nNpfnªv t]mhpIbpw sN¿pì. B[p\nI coXnbnepÅ IWnI PetkN\tam, kv{]n§veÀ coXntbm Ahew_n¡mhp¶XmWv. hymhkmbnI ASnØm\¯nepÅ IrjncoXnbn t]mjI aqey§Ä PetkN\¯neqsS \Âæ¶ t^ÀäntKj³ coXnbpw \nehnep­v.  

]mj³ {^q«n {]qWnwKv (sIm¼v tImXÂ) F§s\bmWv?

sNSnIÄ hfÀ¨bnÃmsX apcSn¨v \nÂç¶ Xé¸pImeamWv {]qWn§n\v ]änb kabw. tcmKw _m[n¨Xpw DW§nbXpamb FÃm imJIfpw {]qWn§neqsS apdn¨v amäpì. {]qWn§n\v D]tbmKnç¶ I¯nIfpw aäpw Aé hnapàam¡m³ {]tXyIw {i²n¡Ww. Pqsseþsk]väw_À amk§fnse hnfshSp¸n\v tijamWv km[mcWbmbn {]qWnwKv \S¯p¶X.v {]qWnwKv aqew hfÀ¨mtijn ædª `mK§Ä \o¡s¸SpIbpw ]p¯³ XfnêIÄ D­mhpIbpw sN¿pì. C§s\ ]pXpXmbn D­mb imJIfnemWv ]pjv]§fpw ImbvIfpw D­mæ¶Xv. X·qew hÀjw tXmdpw {Iaambn sN¿p¶ {]qWnwKv, sNSnbpsS icnbmb hfÀ¨ípw Imbv^e¯nëw AXymhiyamW.v \ne¯pIqSn]Sê¶ hÅnIfpw {]qWnwKv kab¯v apdn¨v atä­XmWv.

]mj³ {^q«v ]cmKW¯nse {]tXyIXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

hÀj¯n cWvSpXhW ]mj³ {^q«v ]q¡pw. tabv, Pq¬ amk§fnepw sk]väw_À, HIvtSm_À amk§fnepw ]mj³ {^q«v Imbv¡p¶p. \«v HcphÀjw aXn Imbv¡m³. tabv þ Pq¬ amk§fn 10.5 Znhkwhscbpw sk]väw_ÀþHIvtSm_À amk§fn 28 Znhkwhscbpw ]q¡mew \oWvSp\n¡pw. ZznenwK]pjv]§fmWv ]mj³ {^q«nepÅXv. cmhnse 6 apX 7 aWnhscbmWv ]q¡Ä hnScp¶Xv. ]q¡Ä CeIfpsS BIvknen Häbv¡mbn ImWs¸Sp¶p. A©v tIkc§fpWvSv. aq¶v ssÌepIÄ ASn`mK¯v IqSnt¨À¶pw apIfä¯v 2,3 imJItfmSpIqSnb ÌnÜIfmbpw ImWs¸Sp¶p. ÌnÜ dnk]väohv BIp¶Xn\pap³]mbn tIkc§Ä ]qs¼mSn DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶p. HcpaWn¡pw \mepaWn¡pw CSbn Gähpw IqSpX tIkc§Ä ]mIamIpIbpw ]qs¼mSn hnXdpIbpw sN¿pw. AtXmsSm¸w Gähpw IqSpX ]cmKWw \S¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]q¡Ä sImgnbpw hsc ÌnÜ dnk]väohmbncn¡pw. ]q¡Ä hfsc BIÀjIamb \ndt¯mSpw aWt¯mSpw DÅhbmWv. jUv]Z§sf BIÀjn¡m\mbn [mcmfw ]qt´\pw ]qs¼mSnbpw DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶pWvSv. tX\o¨IfmWv {][m\ ]cmKW klmbnIÄ. IqSmsX ssktemt¡m¸ F¶ ImÀs¸âÀ _okpw ]cmKW¯n\v klmbn¡p¶p. G¸nkv skdm\, G¸nkv saÃns^d, G¸nkv tUmÀskä F¶o tX\o¨ C\§fpw ]q¡Ä kµÀin¡p¶p. 

  
]mj³ {^q«n {]tXyIn¨v aª C\¯n ]cmKW {]iv\§Ä DÅXpsIm­v ssIsIm­v ]cmKWw sN¿p¶Xpw, tX\o¨ hfÀ¯p¶Xpw, hn¯pssXI D]tbmKnç¶Xpw, hyXykvX sNSnIfn \nìÅ X­pIÄ \Sm³ D]tbmKnç¶Xpw hnf hÀ²\hn\v  Gähpw ^e{]ZamWv.

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn kky kwc£Ww F§s\bmWv?

       IoS§fpw, tcmK§fpw ]mj³ {^q«ns\ t\gvkdn apX _m[n¡mdp­v. hnhn[ Xc¯nepÅ ]pgp¡Ä, H¨pIÄ, æanÄ tcmK§Ä, \namhncIÄ, sshdkv tcmK§Ä apXembh I­phcmdp­v. hnhn[ \nb{´WamÀ¤§Ä kwtbmPnXambn bYmkabw Ahew_n¨v ChsbÃmw Gsdçsd \nb{´n¡mhp¶XmWv. icnbmb ]cn]me\ apdIÄ Ahew_n¨pw, Bhiyamb t]mjI aqey§Ä \ÂInbpw, X¡kab¯v PetkN\w \S¯nbpw sNSnIsf Iê¯pÅhbm¡m³ km[nçw. ssPh \nb{´WcoXnIÄ Ahew_n¨pw, tXm«§fn icnbmb ipNnXzw ]men¨pw, IfIsf bYmkabw \nb{´n¨pw, AXymhiyL«§fn cmk IoS\min\nIÄ D]tbmKn¨pw Chsb \nb{´n¡hp¶XmWv. Znhtk\bpÅ \nco£W§fneqsS IoS tcmK _m[IÄ Bcw`¯nse Is­¯Ww. XpS¡¯n Imé¶ IoS§fpw, tcmKw _m[n¨ `mK§fpw ]qÀ®ambpw \in¸n¨v IfbWw. ]q¡fn ]cmKWw \Sç¶ kab¯v IoS\min\n {]tbmK§Ä \S¯êXv. AXncmhntetbm, kmbwImes¯m am{Xta tkv{]bnwKv \S¯mhq. Imbv Cu¨IÄ, ]pgp¡Ä, Cet]³, aoenap« kvsIbn C³skIväv F¶nhsb \nb{´nç¶Xn\v Ahkm\amÀ¤sa¶ \nebn ame¯ntbm³ 1.5 In.{Kw/slIväÀ F¶ tXmXn slIvädn\v 500enäÀ F¶ I®¡n Xfn¡mw. a­cn (mites) B{IaWs¯ sNê¡m\mbn 2.5 In.{Kw Hê slIväÀ F¶ IW¡n shůn ebnç¶ kÄ^À Xfn¡hp¶XmWv. Ce¸pÅn tcmKhpw, thêNobepw BWv {][m\s¸« tcmK§Ä. Chsb \nb{´nçh\mbn C³sUm^n 2þ3 {Kw/enäÀ F¶ IW¡n Xfn¨p sImSp¡mhp¶XmWv.

]eXc¯nepÅ sshdÊv tcmK§Ä ]mj³ {^q«n I­phêì. tcmKw _m[n¨ `mK§Ä XpS¡¯nte \in¸n¨pIfªpw, sshdÊpIsf ]c¯p¶ IoS§sf \in¸n¨pw, hn¯p ssXIÄ \Sm\mbn D]tbmKn¨pw, sshdkv _m[sb Hê ]cn[nhsc \nb{´n¡hp¶¯mWv.     

]mj³ {^q«v Irjnbn hnfshSp¸v F§s\bmWv?

       ]mj³ {^q«n km[mcWbmbn c­v hnfshSp¸v Imeap­v. Pq¬ apX HmKÌv hscbpw, \hw_À apX Pëhcn hscbpw. Hê kok¬ am{XapÅ C\§fn ssabv apX HIvtSm_À hscbmWv hnfshSp¸v Imew. ]cmKW¯në tijw 70þ80 Znhk§Ä sIm­v ImbvIÄ aq¯v ]mIamIpw. aq¯v ]gp¯v XpS§p¶ ImbvIÄ Xmsg hoWXnë tijamWv s]dp¡n FSpç¶Xv. C§s\ icnbmbn aq¯v ]gp¯ ImbvIÄ¡v am{Xta \à êNnbpw aWhpw D­mhpIbpÅp. Bgv¨bn c­p aqì {]mhiyw C§s\ ]g§Ä tiJcn¡mw. Hê sNSnbn \nìw GXm­v 5 Intem{Kmw hnfhv e`nçw. Hê slIvädn \nìw 7þ10 S¬ hscbmWv km[mcW hnfhv. 40 S¬ hscbpÅ hnfhpIfpw dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿vXn«p­v. ]mj³ {^q«v sNSnIÄ 7þ10 hÀjw hsc \ne\nÂçw. 3þ5 hÀjw hscbmWv Hê tXm«w BZmbIcambncnçIbpÅp. AXnë tijw BhÀ¯\Irjn sN¿p¶XmWv \ÃXv.  

]mj³ {^q«v  kwkvIcWw F§s\bmWv?

       ]mj³ {^q«v, P}kv kwkvIcn¨v FSpç¶Xn\mbn D]tbmKnçì. P}kv  Bbn hn]W\w \S¯pì. IqSmsX P}kv D]tbmKn¨v ioXf ]m\nb§Ä, sFkv{Iow, t_¡dn km[\§Ä apXembh D­mçì. \à ip²nbmb ]g§Ä 100c  3 Bgv¨hsc KpWta· \ãs¸SmsX t]mfn¯o³ _mKpIfn kq£n¡mw.   

]mj³ {^q«nse KpWta·m LSI§Ä Fs´ÃmamWv?

]mj³{^q«v ]g¯n\v AI¯v,  Idp¸v \nd¯nepÅ sNdnb hn¯pIÄ D­v. Hmtcm hn¯pw aªbpw, Hmd©pw IeÀ¶ \nd¯nepÅ P}kS§nb k©nbm Npäs¸«ncnçì. ]j³ {^q«v GItZiw pH 3.2 A¾XzapÅ ^eamWv. hnhn[ A¾§Ä BWv CXnëImcWw. Chbn 90%þ IqSpXepw kn{SnIv BknUv BWv. _m¡n amen¡v BknUpw. {^q«v P}kn GItZiw 15% ]©kmc AS§nbncnçì. ]©kmcbpw A¾hpw X½nepÅ Aë]mXw ]À¸nÄ ]mj³ {^q«n 5:1 þDw aª C\¯n 3:8 þDw BWv. Nph¶ C\w s]mXpth IqSpX a[pcapÅXmWv. IqSmsX 2.2 % t{]m«nëw, 0.7% sImgp¸pw AS§nbn«p­v. ]mj³{^q«n [mcmfw s]m«mkyhpw, sshäan³ knbpw, \nbmknëw, ss^_êw AS§nbncnçì.    tkmUnbhpw tImft{Ìmfpw hfscædhmWv. CXpIqSmsX hnhn[ Xcw A¡tembnUpIfpw, ss¥tImsskUpIfpw, ^vsfhnt\mbnUpIfpw ]mj³ {^q«n D­v . ChbpsS FÃmw km¶n[y¯m ]mj³{^q«v P}kn\v hfscb[nIw Huj[KpW§Ä D­v. CXn AS§nbncnç¶ ]mÊn^vtfmdn³ F¶ cmk]ZmÀ°amWv thZ\ \nhmcW¯nëw, imcocnI Dt·j¯nëw ImcWamæ¶Xv. 

]mj³ {^q«n D]tbmK§Ä  Fs´ÃmamWv?

]mj³{^q«v P}kn\v thZ\ ian¸n¡mëw, hncIsf AIämëw, lyZb \mUo tcmK§sfbpw, Im³kdns\bpw ian¸n¡mëapÅ Ignhp­v. ]mj³ {^q«nsâ DW§nb ]q¡Ä Xnf¸ns¨Spç¶ shÅw thZ\kwlmcnbmbn ]ecmPy§fnepw  D]tbmKn¡mdp­v. ]mj³{^q«v P}kv aäp ]e P}kpambn tNÀ¯v hnhn[ Xcw êNnbpw aWhpw DÅ ]m\nb§fp­m¡m³ D]tbmKnçì. ]mj³ {^q«v, hnhn[ Xcw kmeUpIÄ, kÀ_¯pIÄ, sFkv{IoapIÄ, PmapIÄ, ioXf ]m\nb§Ä apXembh D­m¡m³ D]tbmKnçì. ]mj³ {^q«v P}kv XpSÀ¨bmbn Ignç¶Xpaqew am\knI kwLÀjw, Dd¡anÃmbva, Bkva, Npa, ssat{K³ t]msebpÅ XethZ\IÄ, Zl\ kw_Ôamb {IatISpIÄ, BÀ¯h kw_Ôamb {]iv\§Ä XpS§nbh iançhmëw klmbnçì.  

]mj³ {^q«v t]msebpÅ \qX\ hnfIÄ IrjnsN¿p¶Xv BZmb¯nëw BtcmKy¯nëw A`nImayamWv. am{Xaà {Kma{]tZi¯pÅ sXmgn clnXÀ¡v sXmgnÂZmbIhpw, hyhkmb hfÀ¨¡v klmbIhpamWv. C§s\ \½psS `£y BtcmKy, sXmgn kpc£¡v ]mjy³ {^q«v t]msebpÅ \qX\ hnfI hfsc A[nIw klmbnçw.

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